Editing Karate (section)

==World==

===Africa===
Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsauthority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10|title=National Sports Authority, Ghana|publisher=Sportsauthority.com.gh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110638/http://www.sportsauthority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fightland.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid|title=Love and Rebellion: How Two Karatekas Fought Apartheid|last=Resnekov|first=Liam|date=16 July 2014|publisher=Fightland.vice.com|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120070127/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rnTWd17UngC&q=karate+in+ghana&pg=PA8|title=Graphic Sports: Issue 624 May 6–12 1997|last=Aggrey|first=Joe|date=6 May 1997|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|via=Google Books|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

===Americas===

====Canada====
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. [[Masaru Shintani]], at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956, after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met [[Hironori Otsuka]] ([[Wado Ryu]]). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.<ref name="JAMA">{{cite journal|title=no title given |last=Robert |first=T. |journal=Journal of Asian Martial Arts |year=2006 |volume=15 |issue=4 |publisher=this issue is not available as a back issue |url=http://journalofasianmartialarts.com/cms2/journal-issues/15.html }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by [[Masami Tsuruoka]] who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under [[Tsuyoshi Chitose]].<ref name=historica>{{cite web|title=Karate|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/|publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia – Historica-Dominion|year=2010|access-date=20 July 2010|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829160144/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the [[Karate Canada|National Karate Association]].<ref name=historica/>

In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May 2000.<ref name="JAMA"/>

====United States====
{{main|Karate in the United States}}
After World War II, members of the [[United States military]] learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the US. In 1945, [[Robert Trias]] opened the first ''dōjō'' in the United States in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], a Shuri-ryū karate ''dōjō''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://suncoastkarate.com/about-Trias.html|title=About Grandmaster Robert Trias|last=Harty|first=Sensei Thomas|website=suncoastkarate.com|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529092150/http://suncoastkarate.com/about-Trias.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1950s, [[William J. Dometrich]], [[Ed Parker]], [[Cecil T. Patterson]], [[Gordon Doversola]], [[Harold G. Long]], [[Donald Hugh Nagle]], [[George Mattson (martial artist)|George Mattson]] and [[Peter Urban (karate)|Peter Urban]] all began instructing in the US.

[[Tsutomu Ohshima]] began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the first university karate club in the United States at [[California Institute of Technology]] in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA) which was renamed [[Shotokan Karate of America]] (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, [[Richard Kim (karate)|Richard Kim]], [[Teruyuki Okazaki]], [[John Pachivas]], [[Allen Steen]], Gosei Yamaguchi (son of [[Gōgen Yamaguchi]]), [[Michael G. Foster]] and Pat Burleson began teaching martial arts around the country.<ref>The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia, [[John Corcoran (martial arts)|John Corcoran]] and Emil Farkas, pgs. 170–197</ref>

In 1961, [[Hidetaka Nishiyama]], a co-founder of the [[Japan Karate Association]] (JKA) and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). [[Takayuki Mikami]] was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, [[Takayuki Kubota]] relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.

===Asia===

====Korea====
{{See also|Korea under Japanese rule}}
Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea]] in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pdf|title=Karate in Taiwan and South Korea: A Tale of Two Postcolonial Societies|last1=Orr|first1=Monty|last2=Amae|first2=Yoshihisa|journal=Taiwan in Comparative Perspective|volume=6|date=December 2016|pages=1–16|issn=1752-7732|publisher=Taiwan Research Programme, London School of Economics|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811054825/http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training.

[[Won Kuk Lee]], a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the [[Chung Do Kwan]]. Having studied under [[Gichin Funakoshi]] at [[Chuo University]], Lee had incorporated [[taekkyon]], [[kung fu]], and karate in the martial art that he taught which he called "[[Tang Soo Do]]", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tangsudo.com/index.php/en/academy |title=Academy |publisher=Tangsudo.com |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210193918/http://www.tangsudo.com/index.php/en/academy |archive-date=10 December 2014 }}</ref> In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President [[Rhee Syngman]]'s order, and became [[taekwondo]] under the leadership of [[Choi Hong Hi]] and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi. Karate also provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including [[Hyeong|hyung]] and the [[taekwondo#Ranks, belts, and promotion|belt ranking]] system. The original taekwondo ''hyung'' were identical to karate ''[[kata]]''. Eventually, original Korean forms were developed by individual schools and associations. Although the [[World Taekwondo Federation]] and [[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] are the most prominent among Korean martial arts organizations, ''tang soo do'' schools that teach Japanese karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

====Soviet Union====
Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s policy of improved international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9UDAAAAMBAJ&q=karate+and+the+kremlin&pg=PA48|title=Black Belt|date=1 June 1979|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1973, however, the government banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial art of [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bpBQAAQBAJ&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA150|title=Youth and Rock in the Soviet Bloc: Youth Cultures, Music, and the State in Russia and Eastern Europe|first=William Jay|last=Risch|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739178232|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXT8AwAAQBAJ&q=karate+soviet+union&pg=PT185|title=Sport and Political Ideology|first=John M.|last=Hoberman|date=30 June 2014|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292768871|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUDAAAAMBAJ&q=soviet+karate&pg=PA18|title=Black Belt|date=1 July 1979|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0yGCwAAQBAJ&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA9|title=Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism|first=Vadim|last=Volkov|date=4 February 2016|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9781501703287|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8zdsXzWynkC&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA9|title=Sport and the Transformation of Modern Europe: States, Media and Markets 1950-2010|first1=Alan|last1=Tomlinson|first2=Christopher|last2=Young|first3=Richard|last3=Holt|date=17 June 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136660528|access-date=3 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{See also|Karate Pilipinas}}

===Europe===
[[File:Karate in Lappeenranta, Finland.jpg|thumb|Karate movements in [[Lappeenranta]]]]
In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young Karate instructors [[Taiji Kase]], [[Keinosuke Enoeda]], [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] and [[Hiroshi Shirai]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially [[Hidetaka Nishiyama]] in the US

====France====
France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 [[Taiji Kase]] came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA.

====Italy====
[[Hiroshi Shirai]], one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such as [[Wado Ryu]], [[Goju Ryu]] and [[Shito Ryu]], are present and well established in Italy, while [[Shotokan]] remains the most popular.

====United Kingdom====
{{main|Karate in the United Kingdom}}
[[Vernon Bell]], a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by [[Kenshiro Abbe]] introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in [[Henry Plée]]'s [[Yoseikan]] ''dōjō'' in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by [[Minoru Mochizuki]], a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with [[Gichin Funakoshi]], thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.<ref name="UK History" /> Bell began teaching in the tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the first instructor from Japan was [[Tetsuji Murakami]] (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.<ref name="UK History" /> In 1959, Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known as the Red Triangle. One of the early members of this branch was [[Andy Sherry]] who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the first Karate study group in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.<ref name="UK History" />

Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under [[Masatoshi Nakayama]] of the [[Japan Karate Association]] who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.<ref name="UK History" /> [[Shotokai]] Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of [[Gichin Funakoshi]]'s students, [[Mitsusuke Harada]].<ref name="UK History" /> Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, [[Wado Ryu]] Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK, introduced by [[Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist)|Tatsuo Suzuki]], a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year [[Taiji Kase]], [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]], [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] and [[Hiroshi Shirai]] gave the first JKA demo at the old [[Old Town Hall, Kensington|Kensington Town Hall]] on 21 April 1965. [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] and [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai under Harada).<ref name="UK History">{{cite web |url=http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm |title=Exclusive: UK Karate History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124026/http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014 |publisher=Bushinkai}}</ref>

In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the [[Karate Union of Great Britain]] (KUGB) under [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] as chief instructor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm |title=International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK) |publisher=Karate-iask.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529123123/http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and affiliated to JKA. [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a ''dōjō'' in [[Liverpool]]. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda's death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association split off from KUGB, [[JKA England]].
An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of [[Taiji Kase]], formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing among other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) continue following this path today.
In 1975, Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final.

=== Oceania ===
The World Karate Federation was first introduced to Oceania as the Oceania Karate Federation 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – OKF |url=https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |language=en-AU |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061723/https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Australia ====
The [[Australian Karate Federation]], under the World Karate Federation, was first introduced in 1970. In 1972 Frank Novak became the first fully qualified Shotokan instructor to arrive in Australia and teach in the country,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Competition |first1=Filed under |last2=General |last3=JKA |last4=Shotokan |last5=Traditional |date=16 August 2020 |title=Frank Nowak |url=http://findingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Finding Karate |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521063225/http://findingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/ |url-status=live }}</ref> establishing the first Shotokan Karate dojo in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shotokan Karate International Australia (SKIA Vic) – Karate Victoria |url=https://karatevictoria.com.au/shotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=karatevictoria.com.au |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061723/https://karatevictoria.com.au/shotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At karate's debut in the Olympics at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], [[Tsuneari Yahiro]] became Australia's first Karate Olympian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title="Olympic Destiny" as Tsuneari Yahiro Announced as Australia's First Karate Olympian |url=https://www.olympics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Australian Olympic Committee |language=en-AU |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513204925/https://www.olympics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian/ |url-status=live }}</ref>