Editing Juris Doctor (section)

====United Kingdom====
The [[Quality Assurance Agency]] consulted in 2014 on the inclusion of "Juris Doctor" in the U.K. Framework for Higher Education Qualifications as an exception to the rule that "doctor" should only be used by doctoral degrees. It was proposed that the Juris Doctor would be an award at bachelor level, and would not confer the right to use the title "doctor".<ref>
{{cite report
 |chapter=Part A: Setting and maintaining academic standards
 |date=August 2014
 |title=U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education
 |edition=Post consultation draft (v.&nbsp;4)  |pages=34, 35
 |series=The frameworks for higher education qualifications of U.K. degree-awarding bodies
 |publisher=QAA
 |chapter-url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/AboutUs/Documents/QAA%20Board%20Meeting%20-%20October%202014/QAA-Board-FHEQ-Part-A-Quality-Code-October-2014.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110105911/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/AboutUs/Documents/QAA%20Board%20Meeting%20-%20October%202014/QAA-Board-FHEQ-Part-A-Quality-Code-October-2014.pdf
 |archive-date=10 January 2017
|quote=Comment&nbsp;[s4]: <br /> Footnote as follows will need to be added depending on decision re. the J.D.:<br /> • the award of a Juris Doctor is an exception to the principle that the title 'doctor' should only be used for qualifications meeting the qualification descriptor for FHEQ level&nbsp;8 / SCQF level&nbsp;12 on the FQHEIS in full<br /> • the Juris Doctor is not a doctoral qualification at level&nbsp;8 of the FHEQ / SQCF level&nbsp;12 but at level&nbsp;6 of the FHEQ / SCQF level&nbsp;10 on the FQHEIS (with some modules at level&nbsp;7 of the FHEQ / SCQF level&nbsp;11 on the FQHEIS)<br /> • holders of the qualification are not entitled to use the title 'Dr.'
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite report
 |chapter=Part&nbsp;A: Setting and maintaining academic standards, the U.K. frameworks for higher education qualifications
 |date=18 June 2014
|title=Consultation on the U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education
 |page=6
 |publisher=[[University of Ulster]]
 |department=Learning and Teaching Committee
 |chapter-url=https://www.ulster.ac.uk/academicoffice/download/TLC/18June2014/12-UKFrameworks.pdf
 |access-date=8 December 2018 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110104549/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/academicoffice/download/TLC/18June2014/12-UKFrameworks.pdf
 |archive-date=10 January 2017
}}
</ref> This was not incorporated into the final framework published in 2014.<ref>{{cite report
 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of U.K. Degree-Awarding Bodies
 |date=October 2014
 |publisher=QAA
 |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/qualifications-frameworks.pdf?sfvrsn=170af781_14
 |access-date=4 August 2018
 |archive-date=22 October 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022223825/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/qualifications-frameworks.pdf?sfvrsn=170af781_14
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

The only JD degree awarded by a UK university is at [[Queen's University Belfast]]. The 3–4 year degree is specified a [[professional doctorate]] at the doctoral qualifications level, sitting above the LLM. It includes a 30,000-word dissertation.<ref>{{cite report
 |chapter=Law – J.Dr.
 |title=Programme Specifications (2019–2020)
 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]
 |department=Academic Affairs
 |chapter-url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/ProgrammeSpecifications/2019/pgt/detail/?org=SLAW&plan=LAW-JDR
 |access-date=20 November 2019
 |archive-date=7 April 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002326/https://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/ProgrammeSpecifications/2019/pgt/detail/?org=SLAW&plan=LAW-JDR
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report
 |title=Study regulations for research degree programmes
 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]
 |url=http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/GeneralRegulations/StudyRegulations/StudyRegulationsforResearchDegreeProgrammes/
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |archive-date=14 September 2016
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914163730/http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/GeneralRegulations/StudyRegulations/StudyRegulationsforResearchDegreeProgrammes/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

Joint LLB/JD courses for a small number of students are offered by [[University College London]], [[King's College London]], and the [[London School of Economics]] in collaboration with [[Columbia University]]. King's also offers a joint LLB/JD with [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Dual LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York
 |date=14 September 2017
 |publisher=University College London
 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/study/undergraduate/dual-llbjuris-doctor-jd-columbia-university-new-york
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171558/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/study/undergraduate/dual-llbjuris-doctor-jd-columbia-university-new-york
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref name=kcl>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate|work=The Dickson Poon School of Law|publisher=King's College London|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/undergraduate|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171559/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/undergraduate|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Double degree programme: Columbia Law School
 |publisher=London School of Economics
 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/study/double-degree
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171556/https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/study/double-degree
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> King's College London and the [[University of Exeter]] offer joint LLB/JD degrees with the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]], with two years in the UK followed by two years in Hong Kong.<ref name=kcl/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/law/law_llb_jd/|title=Dual LLB / Juris Doctor (JD) with the Chinese University of Hong Kong - 2023 entry|accessdate=30 August 2022|publisher=University of Exeter|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830170557/https://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/law/law_llb_jd/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Harvard Law School]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] offer a JD/LLM Joint Degree Program enabling Harvard JD candidates to earn a Cambridge LLM and a Harvard JD in 3.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=School |first=Harvard Law |title=Harvard Law School and University of Cambridge J.D./LL.M. Joint Degree Program |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/ils/hls-cambridge-joint-degree/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615220322/https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/ils/hls-cambridge-joint-degree/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[University of Southampton]] offers a two-year graduate-entry LLB described as a "JD pathway" degree.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Law Accelerated Programme JD Pathway (LLB)
 |publisher=[[University of Southampton]]
 |url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/law-accelerated-programme-jd-pathway-degree-llb
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830173454/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/law-accelerated-programme-jd-pathway-degree-llb
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> The [[University of Surrey]] previously offered a course similar to Southampton's.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Law (J.D. pathway) LL.B. (Hons.)
 |year=2017
 |publisher=[[University of Surrey]]
 |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/undergraduate/law-jd-pathway
 |access-date=17 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010617/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/undergraduate/law-jd-pathway|archivedate=18 September 2016
}}
</ref> The [[University of York]] offers a three-year so-called "LLM Law (Juris Doctor)" degree.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=LL.M. law (Juris Doctor)
 |series=Postgraduate courses
 |publisher=[[University of York]]
 |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/courses/llm-law-juris-doctor/
 |access-date=24 July 2020
 |archive-date=7 April 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002328/https://www.york.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/courses/llm-law-juris-doctor/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>