Editing Jupiter (god) (section)

==== Ludi ====
{{See also|Ludi}}
The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a ''dies ater'', or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not ''nefas'', see also article [[Glossary of ancient Roman religion]]) the two ''Epula Iovis'' of September and November.

The games of September were named ''Ludi Magni''; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual ''Ludi Romani''<ref>Mommsen ''Römischen Forschungen'' II p. 42 ff. puts their founding on 366 BC at the establishment of the curule aedility. Cited by {{harvp|Wissowa|1912|page=111}}.</ref> and were held in the [[Circus Maximus]] after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus,<ref>Livy I 35, 9.</ref> and linked to the cult of Jupiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the [[Roman triumph|triumph]], which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the ''triumphator'' and the ''[[pompa circensis]]'' resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds<ref>{{harvp|Wissowa|1912|pages=111–112}}, citing Livy V 41, 2; Tertullian ''De corona militis'' 13; Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Antiq. Rom.'' VII 72. Marquardt ''Staatsverwaltung'' III 508.</ref> (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).{{sfnp|Dumézil|1977|p=488}}

The ''Ludi Plebei'' took place in November in the [[Circus Flaminius]].<ref>{{harvp|Dumézil|1977|p=181}} citing Jean Bayet ''Les annales de Tite Live'' édition G. Budé vol. III 1942 Appendix V p. 153 and n. 3.</ref>
[[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]] argued that the ''epulum'' of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient.<ref>{{harvp|Wissowa|1912|page=112}}, citing Mommsen CIL I 2nd p. 329, 335; ''Rǒmische Forschungen'' II 45, 4.</ref> The ''Ludi Plebei'' were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Jupiter is attested by Cicero.<ref>''In Verrem'' V 36 and Paulus s.v. ''ludi magni'' p.&nbsp;122 M.</ref>