Editing James Joyce (section)

==Political views==
[[File:Portrait of James Joyce P529.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.75|1934 portrait of Joyce, by [[Jacques-Émile Blanche]]|alt=seated portrait of James Joyce in a suit. He is in three-quarters view looking left, wearing a suit. Table with books is in background on the right. ]]

Throughout his life, Joyce maintained an active interest in Irish politics{{sfnm|Manganiello|1980|1p = [https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/2 2]|MacCabe|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/n15 xv]| Orr|2008|3p=[{{Google books|id=sGAzK28kiP8C|pg=PA3|plainurl=yes}} 3]}} and the country's relationship to the [[British Empire]].{{sfnm|Cheng|1995|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joyceraceempire0000chen/page/1 1–2]|Deane|1997|2p=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/32 32]|Gibson|2006|3p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/32 32]|Kiberd|1996|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/inventingireland00kibe/page/333 333–334]|Seidel|2008|4p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/10 10]}} He studied both [[socialism]]{{sfnm|Fairhall|1993|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50 50]|Scholes|1992|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofjamesj00scho/page/167 167–168]|Sultan|1987|3p= [https://archive.org/details/nley00stan/page/208 208]}} and [[anarchism]].{{sfnm|Fairhall|1993|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50 50]|Manganiello|1980|2p= [https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/72 72]}}{{efn|A footnote that Joyce allowed in Gorman's biography,{{sfn|Rabaté|2001|p=[{{Google books|id=ffDEK0AElo4C|pg=PA27|plainurl=yes}} 27]}} which was written in the 1930s,{{sfn|Nadel|1991|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283639?seq=6 91]}} states: "Among the many whose works he [Joyce] had read may be mentioned [[Johann Most|Most]], [[Errico Malatesta|Malatesta]], [[Max Stirner|Stirner]], [[Bakunin]], [[Élisée Reclus]], [[Herbert Spencer|Spencer]] and [[Benjamin Tucker]]."{{sfn|Gorman|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/183 183,fn1]}} }} He attended socialist meetings and expressed an [[Individualist anarchism|individualist anarchist]] view influenced by [[Benjamin Tucker]]'s philosophy and Oscar Wilde's essay "[[The Soul of Man Under Socialism]]".{{sfn|Caraher|2009|p= [{{Google books|id=0ddvLGKDz4QC|pg=PA288|plainurl=yes}} 288]}} He described his opinions as "those of a socialist artist".{{sfn|Sultan|1987|p= [https://archive.org/details/nley00stan/page/209 209]}} Joyce's direct engagement in politics was strongest during his time in Trieste, when he submitted newspaper articles, gave lectures, and wrote letters advocating for Ireland's independence from British rule.{{sfnm|Gibson|2006|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/83 83]|MacCabe|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/160 160]|McCourt|2000|3p=[https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/93 93]}} After leaving Trieste, Joyce's direct involvement in politics waned,{{sfnm|Fairhall|1993|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50 50]|Scholes|1992|2p=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofjamesj00scho/page/165 165]}} 
but his later works still reflect his commitment.{{sfnm|Gibson|2002|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesrevengehis0000gibs/page/13 13]|Segall|1993|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/6 6]|Seidel|2008|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/7 7–9]}} He remained sympathetic to individualist anarchism and critical of coercive ideologies such as [[nationalism]].{{sfnm|Fairhall|1993|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/54 54–55]|Caraher|2009|2p= [{{Google books|id=0ddvLGKDz4QC|pg=PA288|plainurl=yes}} 288]}}{{efn| In 1918, Joyce declared himself "against every state",{{sfn|Fairhall|1993|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/52 52]}} and later in the 1930s he said of the defeated multi-ethnic Hapsburg Empire: "They called the Empire a ramshackle empire, I wish to God there were more such empires."{{sfn|Robinson|2001|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477811?seq=12 332]}} }} His novels address socialist, anarchist, and [[Irish nationalist]] issues.{{sfn|Segall|1993|p=[https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/6 6]}} ''Ulysses'' has been read as a novel critiquing the effect of British rule on the Irish people.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1977|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/consciousnessofj00ellm/page/80 80],[https://archive.org/details/consciousnessofj00ellm/page/86 86]|Gibson|2002|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesrevengehis0000gibs/page/13 13]| Watson|1987|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesulysseslar0000unse/page/41 41]}} ''Finnegans Wake'' has been read as a work that investigates the divisive issues of Irish politics,{{sfnm|Gibson|2006|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/164 164–165]|1ps=|Nolan|1995|2p=143|2ps=: "The Irish Civil War also forms an integral component of the fraternal antagonism between the sons of the Wakean family."}} the interrelationship between colonialism and race,{{sfnm|Cheng|1995|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joyceraceempire0000chen/page/251 251–252]|MacCabe|2003|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/n16 xv–xvi]}} and the coercive oppression of nationalism and fascism.{{sfn|Sollers|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/inwakeofwake0000unse/page/108 108]}}

Joyce wrote negatively of British rule in Ireland and was sympathetic towards attempts to establish an [[Irish republicanism|independent Irish republic]].{{sfn|de Sola Rodstein|1998|p = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871195?seq=11 155]}} In 1907, he expressed his support for the [[early Sinn Féin]] movement before the establishment of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922.{{sfnm|Gibson|2006|1p =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/82 82]|Pelaschiar|1999|2p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473993?&seq4 64]}} However, throughout his life, Joyce refused to exchange his British passport for an Irish one.{{sfn|Davies|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/298 299]}} When he had a choice, he renewed his British passport in 1935 instead of obtaining one from the Irish Free State,{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/475 475]}}{{efn|When Joyce had to renew his passport while residing in Paris during 1935, he wrote Georgio afterwards: "{{lang|it|Giorni fa dovevo far rinnovare il mio passaporto. L'impiegato mi disse che aveva ordini di mandare gente come me alla legazione irlandese. Insistetti ed ottenni un altro.}}" [A few days ago I had to have my [British] passport renewed. The clerk told me that he had orders to send people like me to the Irish legation. I insisted and got another one.]{{sfn|Joyce|1966b|pp = [https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/353 353–354]|ps=: Letter to Georgio (postscript to missing letter), about 10 April 1935}} }} and chose to keep it in 1940 when accepting an Irish passport could have helped him to leave [[Vichy France]] more easily.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/519 519]|Ellmann|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/738 738]}} His refusal to change his passport was partly due to the advantages that a British passport gave him internationally,{{sfnm|Bowker|2011|1p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?seq=3 669]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/299 299]}} his being out of sympathy with the violence of Irish politics,{{sfnm|Davies|1982|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/298 298–299]|de Sola Rodstein|1998|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871195?seq=2 146]|Seidel|2008|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/10 10]}} and his dismay over the Irish Free State's political alignment with the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Lernout|2010|p=210|ps=: "To the dismay of Joyce and other intellectuals, the Irish Free State of 1922 adopted the catholic culture that had already been dominant in the powerful coalition between the bishops and the nationalist party."}}{{efn|Svevo writes: "He is twice a rebel, against England and against Ireland. He hates England and would like to transform Ireland. Yet he belongs so much to England that like a great many of his Irish predecessors he will fill pages of English literary history."{{sfn|Svevo|1927|pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n23 15–16 ]}} }}