Editing Israeli–Palestinian conflict (section)

== Current status ==
=== Apartheid ===
{{Main|Israeli apartheid}}

In July 2024, the [[International Court of Justice]] determined that Israeli policies violate the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].<ref name=Haaretz>Aeyal Gross, [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-19/ty-article/.premium/the-icj-just-demolished-one-of-israels-key-defenses-of-the-occupation/00000190-cc54-dcff-afd4-cfdc29ee0000 'The ICJ Just Demolished One of Israel's Key Defenses of the Occupation,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720065012/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-19/ty-article/.premium/the-icj-just-demolished-one-of-israels-key-defenses-of-the-occupation/00000190-cc54-dcff-afd4-cfdc29ee0000 |date=20 July 2024 }} [[Haaretz]] 19 July 2024.</ref> As of 2022, all the major Israeli and international human rights organizations were in agreement that Israeli actions constituted the [[crime of apartheid]].<ref>Human Rights Watch, "A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution," 27 April 2021, hrw.org; Amnesty International, "Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity," 1 February 2022, amnesty.org; Michael Sfard, The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion (Yesh Din, June 2022), yesh-din.org; B'Tselem, "A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid," position paper, 12 January 2021, btselem.org</ref> In April 2021, [[Human Rights Watch]] released its report ''A Threshold Crossed'', describing the [[Israeli apartheid|policies of Israel towards Palestinians]] living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza constituted the [[crime of apartheid]].<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |access-date= |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live}}</ref> A further report titled ''Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity'' was released by [[Amnesty International]] on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{cite report |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=January 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Knesset]] passed the [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|Nation-State law]] which the Israeli legal group [[Adalah (legal center)|Adalah]] nicknamed the "Apartheid law." Adalah described the Nation-State law as "constitutionally enshrining Jewish supremacy and the identity of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people." The Nation-State law is a [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law]], meaning that it has "quasi-constitutional status,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Defending the rule of law, enforcing apartheid – the double life of Israel's judiciary |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/09/defending-the-rule-of-law-enforcing-apartheid-the-double-life-of-israels-judiciary/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912084832/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/09/defending-the-rule-of-law-enforcing-apartheid-the-double-life-of-israels-judiciary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and states that the right to exercise national self-determination in Israel is "unique to the Jewish people".<ref>{{cite book|first=Avi|last=Shlaim|title=Three Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTWUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA|year=2023|publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-0-86154-464-6}}</ref>

=== Occupied Palestinian territory ===
{{See also|Israeli-occupied territories|West Bank#Status|Positions on Jerusalem|Status of territories captured by Israel}}
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Bil'in Riot, Jan 2011 (4).jpg|thumb|Protest against land confiscation held at [[Bil'in]], 2011]]

Israel has occupied the [[Palestinian territories]], which comprise the [[West Bank]] (including [[East Jerusalem]]) and the [[Gaza Strip]], since the 1967 Six-Day War, making it the longest military occupation in modern history.<ref name="AIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-must-end-its-occupation-of-palestine-to-stop-fuelling-apartheid-and-systematic-human-rights-violations/|title=Israel must end its occupation of Palestine to stop fuelling apartheid and systematic human rights violations|work=Amnesty International|access-date=14 July 2024|date=19 February 2024|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718064623/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-must-end-its-occupation-of-palestine-to-stop-fuelling-apartheid-and-systematic-human-rights-violations/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the [[International Court of Justice]] determined that the Palestinian territories constitute one political unit and that Israel's occupation since 1967, and the subsequent creation of [[Israeli settlements]] and exploitation of natural resources, are illegal under international law. The court also ruled that Israel should pay full [[Reparations (transitional justice)|reparations]] to the [[Palestinian people]] for the damage the occupation has caused.<ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf 'Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem:Advisory Opinion,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012621/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf |date=23 July 2024 }} [[United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine|Unispal]] 19 July 2023 pp. 6, 73, 79.</ref><ref>Ghousoon Bisharat,[https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/ 'Israel always sold the occupation as legal. The ICJ now terrifies them'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724063617/https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/ |date=24 July 2024 }} [[+972 magazine]] 23 July 2024</ref>

Some Palestinians say they are entitled to all of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Israel says it is justified in not ceding all this land, because of security concerns, and also because the lack of any valid diplomatic agreement at the time means that ownership and boundaries of this land is open for discussion.<ref name="Eran">{{harvnb|Sela|2002|loc=Eran, Oded. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking" |pp=121–147}}</ref> Palestinians claim any reduction of this claim is a severe deprivation of their rights. In negotiations, they claim that any moves to reduce the boundaries of this land is a hostile move against their key interests. Israel considers this land to be in dispute and feels the purpose of negotiations is to define what the final borders will be. In 2017 Hamas announced that it was ready to support a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders "without recognising Israel or ceding any rights".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders |title=Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 2017 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414092448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Israeli settlements ====
{{Main|Israeli settlement}}
[[File:MaaleAdummim red-roof.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A neighbourhood in the settlement of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupied]] [[West Bank]], which is home to the [[Ariel University]]]]
[[File:SettlersShuhadaStreet.jpg|thumb|Israeli settlers in [[Hebron]], West Bank]]

The international community considers [[International law and Israeli settlements|Israeli settlements to be illegal under international law]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |year=1990 |title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/2203016 |jstor=2203016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |quote=The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza. |s2cid=145514740|issn=0002-9300}}</ref><ref name="maj">{{Cite book |last1=Pertile |first1=Marco |title=The Italian Yearbook of International Law |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-90-04-15027-0 |editor1-last=Conforti |editor1-first=Benedetto |volume=14 |page=141 |chapter='Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law? |quote=the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars. |editor2-last=Bravo |editor2-first=Luigi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barak-Erez |first1=Daphne |author-link=Daphne Barak Erez |year=2006 |title=Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=548 |doi=10.1093/icon/mol021 |quote=The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Drew |first1=Catriona |title=Human rights, self-determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-411-0502-8 |editor-last=Bowen |editor-first=Stephen |series=International studies in human rights |volume=52 |pages=151–152 |chapter=Self-determination and population transfer |quote=It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation, what purpose does it serve to establish that an additional breach of international law has occurred?}}</ref> but Israel disputes this.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=6 July 2022 |title=Public Opinion Poll No (84) |url=http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802113920/http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=pcpsr.org |publisher=[[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Harel">{{cite news|last=Harel|first=Amos|title=Settlements grow on Arab land, despite promises made to U.S.|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/settlements-grow-on-arab-land-despite-promises-made-to-u-s-1.203258|work=Haaretz 24 October 2006|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=14 September 2010|date=24 October 2006|archive-date=22 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522073205/http://www.haaretz.com/news/settlements-grow-on-arab-land-despite-promises-made-to-u-s-1.203258|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stone2004">{{Cite book| title = International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone | edition = 2nd
 | last = Stone | first = Julius
 | author-link = Julius Stone
 | year = 2004
 | editor-last = Lacey
 | editor-first = Ian
 | publisher = Jirlac Publications
 | isbn = 978-0-975-10730-0}}</ref><ref name="Byron2013">{{cite book| title = War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
 | last = Byron | first = Christine
 | year = 2013
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r4XLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107
 | isbn = 978-1-847-79275-4}}</ref> Those who justify the legality of the settlements use arguments based upon [[International law and Israeli settlements#Article 2|Articles 2]] and [[International law and Israeli settlements#Article 49|49]] of the Fourth [[Geneva Convention]], as well as [[UN Security Council Resolution 242]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacob |first=Aaron |url=http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846567&ct=7158483 |title=Historical, Legal, and Political Aspects of Israeli Settlement Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122083606/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846567&ct=7158483 |archive-date=22 November 2010 |website=[[American Jewish Committee]] |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=13 October 2010}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2023}} The expansion of settlements often involves the confiscation of Palestinian land and resources, leading to displacement of Palestinian communities and creating a source of tension and conflict. Settlements are often protected by the Israeli military and are frequently flashpoints for violence against Palestinians. Furthermore, the presence of settlements and Jewish-only bypass roads creates a [[Palestinian territories|fragmented Palestinian territory]], seriously hindering economic development and [[Palestinian freedom of movement|freedom of movement for Palestinians]].<ref name="amnesty cap3">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306122358/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/ |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Amnesty International reports that Israeli settlements divert resources needed by Palestinian towns, such as arable land, water, and other resources; and, that settlements reduce Palestinians' ability to travel freely via local roads, owing to security considerations.<ref name="amnesty cap3" />

As of 2023, there were about 500,000 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank, with another 200,000 living in East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-02/israeli-settler-population-west-bank-surpasses-500000 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109170930/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-02/israeli-settler-population-west-bank-surpasses-500000 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel to ramp up settlement expansion in occupied West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli-minister-given-sweeping-settlement-building-powers |work=Al-Jazeera |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108070321/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli-minister-given-sweeping-settlement-building-powers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Far-right Israeli Minister Lays Groundwork for Doubling West Bank Settler Population |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-05-18/ty-article/.premium/far-right-israeli-minister-lays-groundwork-for-doubling-west-bank-settler-population/00000188-2de6-d6e4-ab9d-ede74a3e0000 |work=Haaretz |date=18 May 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150935/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-05-18/ty-article/.premium/far-right-israeli-minister-lays-groundwork-for-doubling-west-bank-settler-population/00000188-2de6-d6e4-ab9d-ede74a3e0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2023, Israel's Finance Minister [[Bezalel Smotrich]] took charge of most of the [[Israeli Civil Administration|Civil Administration]], obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-handed-sweeping-powers-over-west-bank-control-over-settlement-planning/|title=Smotrich handed sweeping powers over West Bank, control over settlement planning|first=Jeremy|last=Sharon|work=The Times of Israel|date=23 February 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-handed-sweeping-powers-over-west-bank-control-over-settlement-planning/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former-us-ambassador-accuses-israel-creeping-annexation-west-bank-israel-palestinians|title=Former US ambassador accuses Israel of 'creeping annexation' of the West Bank|first=Chris|last=McGreal|date=24 February 2023|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143609/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former-us-ambassador-accuses-israel-creeping-annexation-west-bank-israel-palestinians|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first six months of 2023, 13,000 housing units were built in settlements, which is almost three times more than in the whole of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-hands-smotrich-full-authority-to-expand-existing-settlements/|title=Netanyahu hands Smotrich full authority to expand existing settlements|first=Jeremy|last=Sharon|website=www.timesofisrael.com|date=18 June 2023|access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113063154/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-hands-smotrich-full-authority-to-expand-existing-settlements/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Israeli military police ====
{{Main|Military Police Corps (Israel)}}
[[File:Protesters carring photos of Shireen Abu Akleh, Lod may 22.jpg|thumb|Protestors in [[Lod]] carrying photos of Palestinian-American journalist [[Shireen Abu Akleh]] who was shot dead while reporting in the West Bank on 11 May 2022]]

In a report published in February 2014 covering incidents over the three-year period of 2011–2013, [[Amnesty International]] stated that Israeli forces employed reckless violence in the West Bank, and in some instances appeared to engage in wilful killings which would be tantamount to [[Allegations of war crimes against Israel|war crimes]]. Besides the numerous fatalities, Amnesty said at least 261 Palestinians, including 67 children, had been gravely injured by Israeli use of live ammunition. In this same period, 45 Palestinians, including 6 children had been killed. Amnesty's review of 25 civilians deaths concluded that in no case was there evidence of the Palestinians posing an imminent threat. At the same time, over 8,000 Palestinians suffered serious injuries from other means, including rubber-coated metal bullets. Only one IDF soldier was convicted, killing a Palestinian attempting to enter Israel illegally. The soldier was demoted and given a 1-year sentence with a five-month suspension. The IDF answered the charges stating that its army held itself "to the highest of professional standards", adding that when there was suspicion of wrongdoing, it investigated and took action "where appropriate".<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2014 |title=Amnesty says some Israeli West Bank killings may be war crimes |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-amnesty-idUSBREA1Q00G20140227 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053839/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-amnesty-idUSBREA1Q00G20140227 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories: Trigger-happy: Israel's use of excessive force in the West Bank |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/002/2014/en/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |date=27 February 2014 |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052504/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/002/2014/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Separation of the Gaza Strip ===
{{see also|Blockade of the Gaza Strip|Gaza War (2008–2009)|2014 Gaza War|Economy of the Gaza Strip#Israeli policies and their impact}}
Since 2006, Israel has enforced an official and explicit policy of enforcing "separation" between the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<ref>GISHA, What is the Separation Policy?</ref> This separation policy has involved strict restrictions on imports, exports and travel to and from the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2016|loc=De-development Completed}}</ref> This policy began to develop as early as the 1950s, but was further formalized with the implementation of an Israeli closure regime in 1991, where Israel began requiring Gazans to obtain permits to exit the Gaza Strip and to enter the West Bank (cancelling the "general exit permit"). By treating the Gaza Strip as a separate entity, Israel has aimed to increase its control over the West Bank while avoiding a political resolution to the conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Baconi|2018}}: "Sharon's plan was the latest in a long series of measures Israel had taken to separate the Gaza Strip from the West Bank. Although policies of isolation reach back to the 1950s, more contemporary measures began with the "soft quarantining" of Gaza after the signing of the Oslo Accords, including the gradual tightening of border crossings and the construction of barriers to geographically sever the coastal enclave from Israel.9 Sharon's initiative also reflected a continuation of his use of the pretext of security to unilaterally consolidate Israel's grip on the territories while avoiding any form of political engagement with the Palestinians. This goal was explicitly articulated by Sharon's top aide, Dov Weisglass, in an interview several months later. "The disengagement is actually formaldehyde," Weisglass told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. "It supplies the amount of formaldehyde that is necessary so that there will not be a political process with the Palestinians."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2016}}: "But complete control over the West Bank-the obvious goal of the settlement enterprise and the separation barrier-cannot be achieved as long as Gaza remains a source of resistance and as along as the possibility of a unified Palestinian state exists."</ref> The lack of territorial contiguity between Gaza and the West Bank and the absence of any "safe passage" explain the success of Israel's policy of separation.<ref name="Stern-Weiner 2024">{{harvnb|Stern-Weiner|2024}}</ref> Harvard political economist Sara Roy describes the separation policy as motivated by Israeli rejection of territorial compromise, fundamentally undermining Palestinian political and economic cohesion and weakening national unity among Palestinians.<ref name="Roy 2013">{{harvnb|Roy|2013}}</ref><ref name="Roy 2016">{{harvnb|Roy|2016}}</ref>

The severing of Gaza from the West Bank hinterland reflects a paradigm shift in the framing of the conflict. After Hamas assumed power in 2007, Israel declared Gaza a "hostile territory," preferring to frame its obligations towards Gaza in terms of the law of armed conflict, over what it presented as a border dispute, as opposed to those of military occupation<ref name="Stern-Weiner 2024" /><ref>{{harvnb|Gross|2017}}</ref> (this framing was rebuffed by the ICJ in 2024 when the court stated that Israel continued to occupy the Gaza Strip even after the 2005 disengagement).<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's the ICJ case against Israel's illegal occupation of Palestine? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/whats-the-icj-case-against-israels-illegal-occupation-of-palestine |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720080447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/whats-the-icj-case-against-israels-illegal-occupation-of-palestine |url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, the intensified blockade policy was presented by Israeli officials as "economic warfare" intended to "keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse" at the "lowest possible level."<ref name="Stern-Weiner 2024" /> Roy cites an Israeli Supreme Court's decision approving fuel cuts to Gaza as emblematic of the disabling of Gaza; the court deemed the fuel cuts permissible on the basis that they would not harm the population's "essential humanitarian needs."

The executive director of the Israeli human rights organization Gisha described Israeli policy towards Gaza between 2007 and 2010 as "explicitly punitive," controlling the entry of food based on calculated calorie needs to limit economic activity and enforce "economic warfare." These restrictions included allowing only small packets of margarine to prevent local food production. Gaza's GDP dramatically declined during this period as a result of these measures.<ref>{{harvnb|Bashi|2018}}</ref> Indeed, by April 2010 Israel restricted the entry of commercial items to Gaza to a list of 73 products, compared with 4,000 products which had previously been approved. The result was the virtual collapse of Gaza's private sector, which Roy describes as largely completed after the 2008 Israeli [[Operation Cast Lead]] in Gaza.<ref name="Roy 2013" /> According to Gisha, travel restrictions from the Gaza Strip are not based on individual security concerns, rather, the general rule is that travel to Israel or the West Bank from Gaza is not permitted other than in "exceptional" cases.<ref name="gisha closure">GISHA, A Guide to the Gaza Closure: In Israel's own words</ref> Israeli imposed travel restrictions aim in particular to prevent Gazans from living in the West Bank. Indeed, Israeli policy treats the Gaza Strip as a "terminus" station, with family reunification between the West Bank and Gaza Strip only possible if the family agrees to permanently relocate to the Gaza Strip.<ref>Oxfam International, Cease Failure, p. 7.</ref> The Israeli officials described the blockade as serving limited security value, instead referring to these restrictions as motivated by "political-security."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Roy|2016}}: "This situation has not substantially changed: In late 2012, the World Bank reported that "access to Gaza remains highly controlled, and only consumer goods and construction material for donor-supervised projects are allowed in. Products from Gaza to the West Bank and Israeli markets.. are prohibited. Only small shipments of certain agricultural and manufactured products are exported to other markets through donor-supported projects. East Jerusalem, which is considered a highly lucrative market, is beyond reach." The virtual ban on exports from Gaza has not been lifted to this day (August 2014). Israel has claimed security reasons, but since the prohibitions involved such items as furniture destined for PA schools in the West Bank,» citrus fruit to West Bank grocers, and textiles to Israeli companies," it is difficult not to conclude that the restrictions have little if anything to do with security. Instead, their purpose clearly is to maintain the separation of Gaza and the West Bank. Indeed, Israeli security officials themselves have attribut- ed the export ban "to a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank." The government terms the policy a "political-security" necessity.*° Significantly, "decisions regarding [the] sale of goods from Gaza to the West Bank.. could only be made by the prime minister's office.""' Diminution of the Private Sector: Some Statistics Among the consequences of the blockade (worsened by severe economic restrictions and continuing military assaults) is the extreme degradation of Gaza's private sector and productive base...The Israeli government officially justifies closure as a security measure despite the fact that the Israeli security establishment itself has stated that closure is of limited value against extremist attacks."</ref>

==== Blockade of the Gaza Strip ====
{{See also|Blockade of the Gaza Strip|Structural abuse|Structural violence}}[[File:Gazaday14.JPG|thumb|Israel's attack on Gaza in 2009]]

Although closure has a long history in Gaza dating back to 1991 when it was first imposed, it was made more acute after 2000 with the start of the second intifada. Closure was tightened further after the 2005 disengagement and then again in 2006, after Hamas's electoral victory.<ref name="Roy 2016" /> Heightened restrictions were imposed on imports and exports as well as on the movement of people, including Gaza's labor force. The [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|total siege of Gaza]] that was imposed following the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Hamas led attack on Israel]] during 7 October 2023, was part of that same policy of separation and closure, characterized by the destruction of Gaza's infrastructure (especially housing) and the denial of food, water, electricity, and fuel to its population.<ref name="Stern-Weiner 2024" /> On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|tightened its blockade of the Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli Defense Minister [[Yoav Gallant]] declared, "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel: Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children |work=Human Rights Watch |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018222439/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since its initiation, blockade has had a detrimental impact on the private sector in Gaza, the primary driver of economic growth in Gaza. Prior to the blockade, Gaza imported 95% of its inputs for manufacturing and exported 85% of the finished products (primarily to Israel and the West Bank). Employment in this sector dropped to 4% by 2010, with an overall unemployment rate of 40% at this time and 80% of the population living on less than 2 dollars a day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As World Focuses On Gaza, Grim Lives Go On |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482582 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012045708/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482582 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fewer than 40 commercial items were allowed in to the Gaza Strip by 2009, compared to a list of 4,000 items before the start of the blockade. Fuel imports were restricted such that 95% of Gaza's industrial operations were forced to close, with the rest operating far below capacity. In aggregate, 100,000 out of the 120,000 employed in the private sector lost their jobs as a result of the blockade. Most critically for the economy has been the near complete ban on exports from the Gaza Strip. The number of truckloads carrying exports fell to 2% their pre-blockade numbers. Only exports to the European market were allowed, a far less profitable market for Gazans than Israel and the West Bank. The products approved for export were primarily flowers and strawberries. The first export to the West Bank or Israel did not happen until 2012 and only in very limited quantities: up to four truckloads of furniture manufactured in Gaza were allowed through Israel for an exhibition in Amman.<ref name="Roy 2016" />

Even in the early years of Israeli imposed closure, the associated increased cost of doing business had a detrimental impact on trade. Goods transferred between the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel were required to be loaded onto Palestinian trucks initially and then off loaded onto Israeli trucks at the border even for distances of 50–100 miles. These increased costs include the costs for security checks, clearance, storage, and spoilage, as well as increased transportation costs.<ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2016|pp=352–359}}</ref>

The [[Military Advocate General]] of Israel said that Israel is justified under international law to impose a blockade on an enemy for security reasons as Hamas "turned the territory under its de facto control into a launching pad of mortar and rocket attacks against Israeli towns and villages in southern Israel."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mag.idf.il/592-4071-en/patzar.aspx |title=Interception of the Gaza flotilla-Legal aspects. |publisher=Mag.idf.il |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230235747/http://www.mag.idf.il/592-4071-en/patzar.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Media headlines have described a United Nations commission as ruling that Israel's blockade is "both legal and appropriate."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686 |title=Court extends remand of Israelis aboard Gaza ship |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230656/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |title=Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116231842/http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |archive-date=16 January 2012 |website=[[Israel Defense Force]] |date=8 September 2010}}</ref> However, Amnesty International has stated that this is "completely false," and that the cited UN report made no such claim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webteam |first=Web |date=6 September 2011 |title=Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/ |website=Amnesty International USA}}</ref> The Israeli Government's continued land, sea and air blockage is tantamount to [[collective punishment]] of the population, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.<ref>The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/27b79d59eb7b35678525798b005567fa%3FOpenDocument The Humanitarian Monitor. December Overview, 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814195419/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/27b79d59eb7b35678525798b005567fa?OpenDocument |date=14 August 2014 }}, [[OCHA]] 31 December 2011</ref>

In January 2008, the Israeli government calculated how many calories per person were needed to prevent a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip, and then subtracted eight percent to adjust for the "culture and experience" of the Gazans. Details of the calculations were released following Israeli human rights organization [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]]'s application to the high court. Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, who drafted the plan, stated that the scheme was never formally adopted, this was not accepted by Gisha.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2,279 Calories per Person: How Israel Made Sure Gaza Didn't Starve |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-israel-s-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day-1.5193157 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205554/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-israel-s-gaza-quota-2-279-calories-a-day-1.5193157 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/17/israeli-military-calorie-limit-gaza |title=Israel used 'calorie count' to limit Gaza food during blockade, critics claim |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |date=17 October 2012 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025104315/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/17/israeli-military-calorie-limit-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/20121017115529845399.html |title=Israel set calorie limit during Gaza blockade |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015062026/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/20121017115529845399.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 June 2010, in response to the [[Gaza flotilla raid]], Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza Strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved by the Palestinian Authority, including schools, health institutions, water, sanitation and more—as well as (projects) that are under international supervision."<ref name="Ynet Cabinet">{{cite news |work=[[Ynet News]] |last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak |agency=Associated Press |title=Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely |date=20 June 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the easing of the land blockade, Israel will continue to inspect all goods bound for Gaza by sea at the port of [[Ashdod]].<ref name="JTA Reaction mixed">{{Cite news |last=Oster |first=Marcy |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |title=Reaction mixed to Israeli announcement on easing of Gaza blockade |date=21 June 2010 |url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806062346/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/21/2739697/israel-announces-plan-to-ease-gaza-blockade |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> Despite these announcements, the economic situation did not substantially change and the virtual complete ban on exports remained in place. Only some consumer products and material for donor-sponsored projects was allowed in.<ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2016|p=xxxi}}</ref>

[[File:Fars Photo of Destruction in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 01.jpg|thumb|Palestinian protesters in the Gaza Strip during the 2023 [[Gaza war]]]]

=== United Nations and recognition of Palestinian statehood ===
{{Main|International recognition of the State of Palestine|Palestine and the United Nations}}
[[File:Palestine recognition only.svg|thumb| {{Legend|#111B11|[[State of Palestine]]}}{{Legend|#008100|Countries that have recognised the State of Palestine}}{{Legend|#E1E1E1|Countries that have not recognised the State of Palestine}}]]

The PLO have [[Palestine 194|campaigned for full member status]] for the state of Palestine at the UN and for recognition on the 1967 borders. This campaign has received widespread support.<ref name="almasry">{{cite news |author=Staff writers |title=Israeli minister says Palestinians losing UN bid |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/478436 |date=18 July 2011 |newspaper=Almasry Alyoum |access-date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210033454/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/478436 |archive-date=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |title=UN envoy Prosor: Israel has no chance of stopping recognition of Palestinian state |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/un-envoy-prosor-israel-has-no-chance-of-stopping-recognition-of-palestinian-state-1.381062 |date=28 August 2011 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831114323/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/un-envoy-prosor-israel-has-no-chance-of-stopping-recognition-of-palestinian-state-1.381062 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UN General Assembly votes every year almost unanimously in favor of a resolution calling for the establishment of a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders.<ref name="y303"/> The US and Israel instead prefer to pursue bilateral negotiation rather than resolving the conflict on the basis of international law.<ref>{{cite news |title=US to 'adamantly object' PA's UN bid |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4121506,00.html |work=[[Ynet News]] |access-date=15 September 2018 |date=13 September 2011 |last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115114402/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4121506,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Horn |first=Jordana |title=Obama at UN declares 'no shortcuts' to peace |url=http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/Obama-at-UN-declares-no-shortcuts-to-peace |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601095808/http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/Obama-at-UN-declares-no-shortcuts-to-peace|url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu has criticized the Palestinians of purportedly trying to bypass direct talks,<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu: PA attempt to become a permanent UN member will fail |newspaper=[[Ynet News]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4123628,00.html |access-date=18 September 2011 |date=18 September 2011 |last1=Medzini |first1=Ronen |archive-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923175543/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4123628,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas Abbas has argued that the continued construction of Israeli-Jewish settlements is "undermining the realistic potential" for the two-state solution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abbas defies US with formal call for Palestinian recognition by UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/abbas-call-palestinian-recognition-un?intcmp=239 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=23 September 2011 |location=London |first=Chris |last=McGreal |date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304172128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/23/abbas-call-palestinian-recognition-un?intcmp=239|url-status=live}}</ref> Although Palestine has been denied full member status by the UN [[Security Council]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/30/world/palestinian-statehood-draft-vote/index.html|title=Security Council rejects Palestinian statehood resolution|work=CNN|date=31 December 2014|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115071202/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/30/world/palestinian-statehood-draft-vote/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in late 2012 the [[UN General Assembly]] overwhelmingly approved the ''de facto'' recognition of sovereign Palestine by granting non-member state status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129|title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state|date=29 November 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=29 November 2012|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605091657/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/29/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Incitement ===
Following the Oslo Accords, which was to set up regulative bodies to rein in frictions, Palestinian incitement against Israel, Jews, and Zionism continued, parallel with Israel's pursuance of settlements in the Palestinian territories,<ref>Gilead Sher, ''The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach'', Taylor & Francis, 2006 p. 19.</ref> though under Abu Mazen it has reportedly dwindled significantly.<ref name="Sales" >{{Cite news |last=Sales |first=Ben |title=Some experts question extent of Palestinian incitement|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/some-experts-question-extent-of-palestinian-incitement/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212031215/http://www.timesofisrael.com/some-experts-question-extent-of-palestinian-incitement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Charges of incitement have been reciprocal,<ref>Jesper Svartvik, Jakob Wirén (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=eXkhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA228 ''Religious Stereotyping and Interreligious Relations''], [[Palgrave Macmillan]] 2013, pp. 12, 222–224.</ref><ref>[[Tanya Reinhart]], ''Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948'', Seven Stories Press, 2011 p. 107.</ref> both sides interpreting media statements in the Palestinian and Israeli press as constituting incitement.<ref name="Sales" /> [[Textbooks in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Schoolbooks published for both Israeli and Palestinian]] schools have been found to have encouraged a one-sided narrative and at times hatred of the other side.<ref name="Sherwood 2011">{{cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |title=Academic claims Israeli school textbooks contain bias – Israel |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 August 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/07/israeli-school-racism-claim |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017211057/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/07/israeli-school-racism-claim |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Report on Palestinian Textbooks">[http://www.gei.de/en/departments/knowledge-in-transition/analysis-of-palestinian-textbooks-paltex/study-faq.html Report on Palestinian Textbooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902201304/http://www.gei.de/en/departments/knowledge-in-transition/analysis-of-palestinian-textbooks-paltex/study-faq.html |date=2 September 2022 }} Georg Eckert Institute (2019–2021)</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=EU holds PA funds after reform of antisemitic textbooks fails |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-699378 |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211547/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-699378 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=EU moves to stop funding Palestinian terrorists, inciting textbooks |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/eu-moves-to-stop-funding-palestinian-terrorists-inciting-textbooks-666595 |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711210552/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/eu-moves-to-stop-funding-palestinian-terrorists-inciting-textbooks-666595 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Algemeiner |first=The |title=UNRWA Head Faces Questions at EU Parliament Over 'Hate Speech, Violence' in Palestinian Textbooks |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/09/01/unrwa-head-faces-questions-at-eu-parliament-over-hate-speech-violence-in-palestinian-textbooks/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=Algemeiner.com |language=en-US |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828153102/https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/09/01/unrwa-head-faces-questions-at-eu-parliament-over-hate-speech-violence-in-palestinian-textbooks/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Israeli |first=Raphael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa0WbLOl2NIC&pg=PA191 |title=The Oslo Idea: The Euphoria of Failure |year=2012 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4653-0 |language=en}}</ref>
Perpetrators of murderous attacks, whether against Israelis or Palestinians, often find strong vocal support from sections of their communities despite varying levels of condemnation from politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=255695 |title=PA TV glorifies murderers of Fogel family |work=Jerusalem Post |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301172706/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=255695 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/in-israel-an-ugly-tide-sweeps-over-palestinians|title=In Israel, an ugly tide sweeps over Palestinians |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519164152/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/in-israel-an-ugly-tide-sweeps-over-palestinians |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.715890 |title=Israeli Soldier Indicted for Shooting Wounded Palestinian Assailant Released for Passover |first=Gili |last=Cohen |date=22 April 2016 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518092750/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.715890 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Both parties to the conflict have been criticized by third-parties for teaching incitement to their children by downplaying the other side's historical ties to the area, teaching propagandist maps, or indoctrinating their children to one day join the armed forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://forward.com/opinion/israel/197866/when-israelis-teach-their-kids-to-hate/ |title=When Israelis Teach Their Kids To Hate |work=[[The Forward]] |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502003248/http://forward.com/opinion/israel/197866/when-israelis-teach-their-kids-to-hate/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4241588,00.html |title=Gaza kindergartners want to 'blow up Zionists' |work=[[Ynet News]] |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713005544/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4241588,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>