Editing Islamophobia (section)

====Anti-Muslim sentiment in Europe====
{{see also|Eurabia conspiracy theory}}
Muslim immigration into Europe has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite book| title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach | url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo | url-access=limited | author=Tariq Modood | publisher=Routledge | edition=1st | date=6 April 2006 | isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n17 3], 29, 46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Kilpatrick | first =William | title =The Politically Incorrect Guide to Jihad | publisher =Regnery | date =2016 | pages =256 | isbn =978-1621575771 }}</ref> This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against [[multiculturalism]] advocated by recent philosophers, closely linked to the heritage of [[New Philosophers]], including the likes of [[Pascal Bruckner]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pascal Bruckner: Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists? (24/01/2007) - signandsight |url=http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.signandsight.com}}</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to [[Ian Buruma]] and Timothy Garton Ash: "At the heart of the issue is the fact that in certain countries Islam is becoming Europe's second religion. As such, its adherents are entitled to freedom of religion, to decent locations and to all of our respect. On the condition, that is, that they themselves respect the rules of our republican, secular culture, and that they do not demand a status of extraterritoriality that is denied other religions, or claim special rights and prerogatives"</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to Ian Buruma and Timothy Garton Ash "It's so true that many English, Dutch and German politicians, shocked by the excesses that the wearing of the Islamic veil has given way to, now envisage similar legislation curbing religious symbols in public space. The separation of the spiritual and corporeal domains must be strictly maintained, and belief must confine itself to the private realm."</ref><ref name=mnali>{{cite news | title = Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity | author-link = Michael Nazir-Ali | first = Michael | last = Nazir-Ali | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110080819/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 January 2008 | newspaper = [[The Sunday Telegraph]] | date = 6 January 2008 | location=London}}</ref> Jocelyne Cesari, in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe,<ref name="CesariStudy">{{cite web |last=Cesari |first=Jocelyne |date=2006-06-01 |title=Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf |website=Euro-Islam Info}}</ref> finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination. Because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, [[xenophobia]] overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both. So, for example, some people who have a negative perception of and attitude toward Muslims may also show this toward non-Muslim immigrants, either as a whole or certain group (such as, for example, Eastern Europeans, sub-Saharan Africans, or Roma), whereas others would not.

{{bar box
|float=left
|title=Unfavourable views of Muslims in Europe, 2019<ref name="auto"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|width=400px
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Slovakia]]|peru|77}}
{{bar percent|[[Poland]]|peru|66}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|peru|64}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|peru|58}}
{{bar percent|[[Greece]]|peru|57}}
{{bar percent|[[Lithuania]]|peru|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Italy]]|peru|55}}
{{bar percent|[[Spain]]|darkorange|42}}
{{bar percent|[[Sweden]]|orange|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Netherlands]]|orange|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Germany]]|gold|24}}
{{bar percent|[[France]]|gold|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Russia]]|gold|19}}
{{bar percent|[[United Kingdom]]|gold|18}}

}}

The [[European Network Against Racism]] (ENAR) reports that Islamophobic crimes are on the increase in France, England and Wales. In Sweden crimes with an Islamophobic motive increased by 69% from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Draper |first=Lucy |date=6 May 2015 |title=New report exposes huge rise in racist crime in Europe |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-report-exposes-huge-rise-racist-crime-europe-326929 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>

An increase of Islamophobia in Russia follows the growing influence of the strongly conservative sect of [[Wahhabism]], according to Nikolai Sintsov of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee.<ref name=rbth130625>{{cite news|url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/06/25/wahhabism_expansion_in_russia_leads_to_growth_of_islamophobia_-_national_27468.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823060520/http://rbth.ru/news/2013/06/25/wahhabism_expansion_in_russia_leads_to_growth_of_islamophobia_-_national_27468.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2013|title=Wahhabism expansion in Russia leads to growth of Islamophobia – National Anti-Terrorist Committee|date=25 June 2013|newspaper=Rossiyskaya Gazeta}}</ref>

Various translations of the Qur'an have been banned by the Russian government for promoting extremism and [[Supremacism#Islamic|Muslim supremacy]].<ref name="guardian131008">{{cite news |author=Kalder |first=Daniel |date=8 October 2013 |title=Russian court bans Qur'an translation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/oct/08/russian-court-bans-quran-translation |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/1009/Russia-blacklists-translation-of-the-Quran|title=Russia blacklists translation of the Quran|date=9 Oct 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|author=Husna Haq}}</ref> Akhmed Yarlikapov, an expert on Islam, said the Bible too could be banned just as easily for identical motives.<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/1009/Russia-blacklists-translation-of-the-Quran|title=Russia blacklists translation of the Quran|date=9 Oct 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|author=Husna Haq}}</ref>

Anti-Muslim rhetoric is on the rise in Georgia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21587829-georgia-appears-have-moved-backwards-under-bidzina-ivanishvili-no-change-better|title=No change for the better: Georgia appears to have moved backwards under Bidzina Ivanishvili|date=12 Oct 2013|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> In Greece, Islamophobia accompanies anti-immigrant sentiment, as immigrants are now 15% of the country's population and 90% of the EU's illegal entries are through Greece.<ref name="gm110103">{{cite news|title=Rising tide of Islamophobia engulfs Athens|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rising-tide-of-islamophobia-engulfs-athens/article560119/|date=3 Jan 2011|newspaper=Globe and Mail|location=Toronto}}</ref> In France Islamophobia is tied, in part, to the nation's long-standing tradition of secularism.<ref name="local130215">{{cite news|url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20130215/islamophobia-has-become-trivialised-in-france|title=Islamophobia has been trivialized in France|date=15 February 2013|newspaper=The Local|author=Ben McPartland}}</ref> With the popularization of the Bulgarian nationalist party [[Attack (political party)|ATAKA]], Islamophobia in Bulgaria also showed an increase. The party itself participated in the 2011 [[Banya Bashi Mosque clashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сблъсъци пред джамията "Баня баши" в София - Портал ЕВРОПА |url=http://old.europe.bg/htmls/page.php?category=5&id=36063 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=old.europe.bg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penchev |first=Pencho |title=The opportunistic national-populism of the Bulgarian political party Ataka in a historical perspective |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278675533 |journal=L'Europe a Contre-Pied: Ideologie Populiste et Extremisme de Droite en Europe Centrale et Orientale |pages=75–89}}</ref>