Editing Hungarian language (section)

===Noteworthy lexical items===
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====Points of the compass====
Hungarian words for the points of the compass are directly derived from the position of the Sun during the day in the Northern Hemisphere.

* North = észak (from "éj(szaka)", 'night'), as the Sun never shines from the north
* South = dél ('noon'), as the Sun shines from the south at noon
* East = kelet (from "nap(kelte)",literally;'rising of the Sun,waking up of the Sun'), as the Sun rises in the east
* West = nyugat (from "nap(nyugta)",literally;'setting of the Sun,calming of the Sun'), as the Sun sets in the west

====Two words for "red"====
<!-- Must this "red" issue really be this long? -->

There are two basic words for "red" in Hungarian: "piros" and "vörös" (variant: "veres"; compare with Estonian "verev" or Finnish "punainen"). (They are basic in the sense that one is not a sub-type of the other, as the English "scarlet" is of "red".) The word "vörös" is related to "vér", meaning "blood" (Finnish and Estonian "veri"). When they refer to an actual difference in colour (as on a colour chart), "vörös" usually refers to the deeper (darker or more red and less orange) hue of red. In English similar differences exist between "scarlet" and "red". While many languages have multiple [[colour name|names for this colour]], often Hungarian scholars assume that this is unique in recognizing two shades of red as separate and distinct "[[folk colour]]s".<ref name="basiccolor">Berlin, B. and Kay, P. (1969). ''Basic Color Terms''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.</ref>

However, the two words are also used independently of the above in [[collocation]]s. "Piros" is learned by children first, as it is generally used to describe inanimate, artificial things, or things seen as cheerful or neutral, while "vörös" typically refers to animate or natural things (biological, geological, physical and astronomical objects), as well as serious or emotionally charged subjects.

When the rules outlined above are in contradiction, typical collocations usually prevail. In some cases where a typical collocation does not exist, the use of either of the two words may be equally adequate.

Examples:
* Expressions where "red" typically translates to "piros": a red road sign, red traffic lights, the red line of [[Budapest Metro]], red (now called express) bus lines in Budapest, a holiday shown in red in the calendar, ruddy complexion, the red nose of a clown, some red flowers (those of a neutral nature, e.g. [[tulip]]s), red peppers and [[paprika]], red card suits (hearts and diamonds), red stripes on a flag (but the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] and its variants translate to "vörös"), etc.
* Expressions where "red" typically translates to "vörös": a red railway signal (unlike traffic lights, see above), [[Red Sea]], [[Red Square]], [[Red Army]], [[Red Baron]], [[Erik the Red]], [[red wine]], red carpet (for receiving important guests), red hair or beard, red lion (the mythical animal), the [[Red Cross]], the novel ''[[The Red and the Black]]'', [[redshift]], [[red giant]], [[red blood cell]]s, [[red oak]], some red flowers (those with passionate connotations, e.g. roses), red fox, names of ferric and other red minerals, red copper, rust, red phosphorus, the colour of blushing with anger or shame, the red nose of an alcoholic (in contrast with that of a clown, see above), the red posterior of a [[baboon]], red meat, regular onion (not the red onion, which is "lila"), [[litmus paper]] (in acid), cities, countries, or other political entities associated with [[leftist]] movements (e.g. [[Red Vienna]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Red Russia]]), etc.

====Kinship terms====
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The Hungarian words for brothers and sisters are differentiated based upon relative age. There is also a general word for "sibling": {{Lang|hu|testvér}}, from {{Lang|hu|test}} "body" and {{Lang|hu|vér}} "blood"; i.e., originating from the same body and blood.
{| class="wikitable"
! || younger || elder || unspecified{{br}}relative age
|-
! brother
| {{Lang|hu|öcs}}<!--yes, it's written as "öcs", not "öccs"--> || {{Lang|hu|báty}}<!-- it is written as "báty", not "bátya" --> || {{Lang|hu|fivér}} or{{br}}{{Lang|hu|fiútestvér}}
|-
! sister
| {{Lang|hu|húg}} || {{Lang|hu|nővér}}{{br}} {{Lang|hu|néne}} (archaic) || {{Lang|hu|nővér}} or{{br}}{{Lang|hu|lánytestvér}}
|-
! sibling
| {{Lang|hu|kistestvér}} || ({{Lang|hu|nagytestvér}}) || {{Lang|hu|testvér}}
|}

(There used to be a separate word for "elder sister", {{Lang|hu|néne}},<!-- NEM NÉNI, HANEM NÉNE, E-VEL--> but it has become obsolete [except to mean "aunt" in some dialects] and has been replaced by the generic word for "sister".)

In addition, there are separate prefixes for several ancestors and descendants:

{| class="wikitable"
|parent||grandparent||great-{{br}}grandparent||great-great-{{br}}grandparent||great-great-great-{{br}}grandparent
|great-great-great-great-
grandparent
|-
||''szülő''||''nagyszülő''||''déd(nagy)szülő''||''ük(nagy)szülő''||''szép(nagy)szülő''{{br}}(OR ''ük-ük(nagy)szülő'')
|''ó(nagy)szülő''
(OR ''ük-ük-ük(nagy)szülő)''
|-
|child||grandchild||great-{{br}}grandchild||great-great-{{br}}grandchild||great-great-great-{{br}}grandchild
|great-great-great-great-{{br}}grandchild
|-
|''gyerek''||''unoka''||''dédunoka''||''ükunoka''||''szépunoka''{{br}}(OR ''ük-ükunoka'')
|''óunoka''{{br}}(OR ''ük-ük-ükunoka'')
|}

The words for "boy" and "girl" are applied with possessive suffixes. Nevertheless, the terms are differentiated with different declension or lexemes:

{| class="wikitable"
! || boy/girl || (his/her){{br}}son/daughter || (his/her){{br}}lover, partner
|-
! male
| {{Lang|hu|fiú}} || {{Lang|hu|fia}} || {{Lang|hu|fiúja}}/{{Lang|hu|barátja}}
|-
! female
| {{Lang|hu|lány}} || {{Lang|hu|lánya}} || {{Lang|hu|barátnője}}
|}

{{Lang|hu|Fia}} is only used in this, irregular possessive form; it has no nominative on its own (see [[inalienable possession]]). However, the word {{Lang|hu|fiú}} can also take the regular suffix, in which case the resulting word ({{Lang|hu|fiúja}}) will refer to a lover or partner (boyfriend), rather than a male offspring.

The word {{Lang|hu|fiú}} (boy) is also often noted as an extreme example of the ability of the language to add suffixes to a word, by forming {{Lang|hu|fiaiéi}}, adding vowel-form suffixes only, where the result is quite a frequently used word:

{|class="wikitable"
| {{Lang|hu|fiú}} || boy
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fia}} || his/her son
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fiai}} || his/her sons
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fiáé}} || his/her son's (singular object)
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fiáéi}} || his/her son's (plural object)
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fiaié}} || his/her sons' (singular object)
|-
| {{Lang|hu|fiaiéi}} || his/her sons' (plural object)
|}

====Extremely long words====
* ''megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért''
: Partition to root and suffixes with explanations:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| meg- || verb prefix; in this case, it means "completed"
|-
| szent || holy (the word root)
|-
| -ség || like English "-ness", as in "holiness"
|-
| -t(e)len || variant of "-tlen", noun suffix expressing the lack of something; like English "-less", as in "useless"
|-
| -ít || constitutes a transitive verb from an adjective
|-
| -het || expresses possibility; somewhat similar to the English modal verbs "may" or "can"
|-
| -(e)tlen || another variant of "-tlen"
|-
| -ség || (see above)
|-
| -es || constitutes an adjective from a noun; like English "-y" as in "witty"
|-
| -ked || attached to an adjective (e.g. "strong"), produces the verb "to pretend to be (strong)" <!-- cf. "okoskodik", "erősködik"; the "-ik" is dropped due to the further suffixes, thus it is better not to mark it in the table -->
|-
| -és || constitutes a noun from a verb; there are various ways this is done in English, e.g. "-ance" in "acceptance"
|-
| -eitek || plural possessive suffix, second-person plural (e.g. "apple" → "your apples", where "your" refers to multiple people)
|-
| -ért || approximately translates to "because of", or in this case simply "for"
|}

: '''Translation:''' "for your [plural] repeated pretending to be indesecratable"<!-- the element "repeated" comes from -ségeskedés-, which can refer to a constant and annoying habit-->

The above word is often considered to be the longest word in Hungarian, although there are longer words like:
* ''legeslegmegszentségteleníttethetetlenebbjeitekként''
: ''leges-leg-meg-'''''szent'''''-ség-telen-ít-tet-het-etlen-ebb-je-i-tek-ként''
: "like those of you that are the very least possible to get desecrated"

Words of such length are not used in practice and are difficult to understand even for natives. They were invented to show, in a somewhat facetious way, the ability of the language to form long words (see [[agglutinative language]]). They are not compound words but are formed by adding a series of one- and two-syllable suffixes (and a few prefixes) to a simple root ("szent", saint or holy).
There is virtually no limit for the length of words, but when too many suffixes are added, the meaning of the word becomes less clear, and the word becomes hard to understand and will work like a riddle even for native speakers.

====Hungarian words in English====
The English word best known as being of Hungarian origin is probably ''[[paprika]]'', from Serbo-Croatian ''papar'' "pepper" and the Hungarian diminutive ''-ka''. The most common, however, is ''[[Coach (carriage)|coach]]'', from ''kocsi'', originally ''kocsi szekér'' "car from/in the style of [[Kocs]]". Others are:
* [[shako]], from ''csákó'', from ''csákósüveg'' "peaked cap"
* [[sabre]], from ''szablya''
* [[wikt:heyduck|heyduck]], from ''hajdúk'', plural of ''hajdú'' "brigand"
* [[tolpatch]], from ''talpas'' "foot-soldier", apparently derived from ''talp'' "[[sole (foot)|sole]]".