Editing Human tooth (section)

==== Alteration during tooth development ====
Tooth abnormalities caused by environmental factors during tooth development have long-lasting effects. Enamel and dentin do not regenerate after they mineralize initially. [[Enamel hypoplasia]] is a condition in which the amount of enamel formed is inadequate.<ref>{{harvnb|Ash|2003|page=31}}</ref> This results either in pits and grooves in areas of the tooth or in widespread absence of enamel. Diffuse opacities of enamel does not affect the amount of enamel but changes its appearance. Affected enamel has a different translucency than the rest of the tooth. Demarcated opacities of enamel have sharp boundaries where the translucency decreases and manifest a white, cream, yellow, or brown color. All these may be caused by nutritional factors,<ref name=KanchanMachado2015>{{cite journal|vauthors= Kanchan T, Machado M, Rao A, Krishan K, Garg AK|title=Enamel hypoplasia and its role in identification of individuals: A review of literature|date=Apr 2015|journal=Indian J Dent|volume=6|issue=2|pages=99–102|doi=10.4103/0975-962X.155887|pmid=26097340|pmc=4455163|type=Revisión |doi-access=free }}</ref> an [[exanthem]]atous disease ([[chicken pox]], [[congenital syphilis]]),<ref name=KanchanMachado2015 /><ref name="neville51">{{harvnb|Neville|2002|page= 51}}</ref> undiagnosed and untreated [[coeliac disease|celiac disease]],<ref name=NIH>[http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124250/http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }} National Institute of Health (NIH)</ref><ref name=FerrazCampos2012>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ferraz EG, Campos Ede J, Sarmento VA, Silva LR|title=The oral manifestations of celiac disease: information for the pediatric dentist|date=2012|journal=Pediatr Dent|volume=34|issue=7|pages=485–8|pmid=23265166|type=Review}}</ref><ref name=GiucaCei2010>{{cite journal|vauthors=Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P|title=Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature|date=2010|journal=Minerva Stomatol|volume=59|issue=1–2|pages=33–43|pmid=20212408|type=Review}}</ref> [[hypocalcaemia|hypocalcemia]], [[dental fluorosis]], [[birth injury]], [[preterm birth]], [[infection]] or trauma from a [[deciduous teeth|deciduous tooth]].<ref name=KanchanMachado2015 /> Dental fluorosis is a condition which results from ingesting excessive amounts of [[fluoride]] and leads to teeth which are spotted, yellow, brown, black or sometimes pitted. In most cases, the enamel defects caused by celiac disease, which may be the only manifestation of this disease in the absence of any other symptoms or signs, are not recognized and mistakenly attributed to other causes, such as fluorosis.<ref name=NIH /> Enamel hypoplasia resulting from [[syphilis]] is frequently referred to as [[Hutchinson's teeth]], which is considered one part of [[Hutchinson's triad]].<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/syphilis/DS00374/DSECTION=6 Syphilis: Complications], Mayo Clinic.</ref> [[Turner's hypoplasia]] is a portion of missing or diminished enamel on a permanent tooth usually from a prior infection of a nearby primary tooth. Hypoplasia may also result from [[antineoplastic]] therapy.