Editing Human body (section)

==Society and culture==
===Professional study===
{{Further|History of anatomy|History of medicine|History of physiology}}
[[File:Anatomical Male Figure Showing Heart, Lungs, and Main Arteries.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Anatomical study by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ]]

[[Health professional]]s learn about the human body from illustrations, models, and demonstrations. Medical and dental students in addition gain practical experience, for example by [[dissection]] of cadavers. Human anatomy, [[physiology]], and [[biochemistry]] are basic medical sciences, generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.<ref name=introHGray>{{cite web | url=http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html| title= Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray|year=1918| access-date =27 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse |title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy|edition= 39th |year=2004 |isbn=0-443-07168-3 |access-date=27 March 2007 |url-access=registration |last1=Drake |first1=Richard Lee |last2=Gray |first2=Henry |last3=Vogl |first3=Wayne |last4=Mitchell |first4=Adam W. M. |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingstone }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683 | title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy |edition=39th (US) |year=2004 |isbn=0-443-07168-3| access-date=27 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209134753/http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683 |archive-date=9 February 2007| last1=Drake | first1=Richard Lee | last2=Gray | first2=Henry | last3=Vogl | first3=Wayne | last4=Mitchell | first4=Adam W. M. | publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingstone }}</ref>

===Depiction===
{{Main|Depictions of nudity}}
[[File:Corinth stehender Mädchenakt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Figure drawing by [[Lovis Corinth]] (before 1925)]]

In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of the human body include [[information]], [[art]] and [[pornography]]. Information includes both science and education, such as anatomical drawings. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes.<ref name="framing">{{cite journal|title=Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity|first=Beth A.|last=Eck|journal=Sociological Forum|volume=16|issue=4|date=Dec 2001| pages=603–632| publisher=Springer| jstor=684826| doi=10.1023/A:1012862311849| s2cid=143370129}}</ref> The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited.

===History of anatomy===
{{Main|History of anatomy}}
[[File:Externarvm hvmani corporis sedivm partivmve, 1543..JPG|thumb|Two facing pages of text with woodcuts of naked male and female figures, in the ''Epitome'' by [[Andreas Vesalius]], 1543]]

In [[Ancient Greece]], the ''[[Hippocratic Corpus]]'' described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillispie |first=Charles Coulston | author-link=Charles Coulston Gillispie |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume=VI | pages=419–427 |year=1972 | publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] | location=New York}}</ref> The 2nd century physician [[Galen|Galen of Pergamum]] compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages.<ref name=BritBrit-Galen>{{cite encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum |title=Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD |chapter=Galen of Pergamum |first=Vivian | last=Nutton |date=12 December 2023 |author-link=Vivian Nutton}}</ref> In the [[Renaissance]], [[Andreas Vesalius]] (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book ''[[De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem|De humani corporis fabrica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceb.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/books.htm |title=Vesalius's ''De Humanis Corporis Fabrica'' |publisher=Archive.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=29 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andreas Vesalius (1514–1567)|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/uivs/1999/00000012/00000003/art00002?crawler=true|date=1 May 1999|publisher=Ingentaconnect|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105145007/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/uivs/1999/00000012/00000003/art00002?crawler=true|archive-date=5 November 2011|access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref> Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the [[microscope]] and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs.<ref name=BritMicro>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22980/anatomy/283/Microscopic-anatomy |title=Microscopic anatomy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> Modern anatomy uses techniques such as [[magnetic resonance imaging]], [[CT scan|computed tomography]], [[fluoroscopy]] and [[Medical ultrasound|ultrasound imaging]] to study the body in unprecedented detail.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/h-reading1.html | title=Anatomical Imaging | publisher=[[McGraw Hill Higher Education]] | year=1998 | access-date=25 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232044/http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/h-reading1.html | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===History of physiology===
{{Main|History of physiology}}

The study of human physiology began with [[Hippocrates]] in Ancient Greece, around 420 BCE, and with [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. [[Galen]] ({{Circa|126|199}}) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=C. | last1=Fell | first2=F. | last2=Griffith Pearson| title=Thoracic Surgery Clinics: Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy | journal=Thorac Surg Clin |date=November 2007 | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=443–448, v | doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001| pmid=18271159 }}</ref> The term physiology was introduced by the French physician [[Jean Fernel]] (1497–1558). In the 17th century, [[William Harvey]] (1578–1657) described the [[circulatory system]], pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment.<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Carl | last=Zimmer | author-link=Carl Zimmer| title=Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain – and How It Changed the World | journal=J Clin Invest | year=2004 | volume=114 | issue=5 | pages=604 | doi=10.1172/JCI22882| pmc=514597 }}</ref> In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the [[cell theory]] of [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Matthias Schleiden]] and [[Theodor Schwann]] in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells. [[Claude Bernard]] (1813–1878) created the concept of the ''[[Internal environment|milieu interieur]]'' (internal environment), which [[Walter Bradford Cannon|Walter Cannon]] (1871–1945) later said was regulated to a steady state in [[homeostasis]]. In the 20th century, the physiologists [[Knut Schmidt-Nielsen]] and [[George A. Bartholomew|George Bartholomew]] extended their studies to [[comparative physiology]] and [[ecophysiology]].<ref>{{Cite book| last=Feder | first=Martin E. | title=New directions in ecological physiology | year=1987 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-521-34938-3 }}</ref> Most recently, [[evolutionary physiology]] has become a distinct subdiscipline.<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Theodore Jr. | last1=Garland | author1-link=Theodore Garland, Jr. | last2=Carter | first2=P. A. | title=Evolutionary physiology | journal=[[Annual Review of Physiology]] | year=1994 | issue=1 | pages=579–621 | url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf | doi=10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051 | volume=56 | pmid=8010752 | access-date=20 November 2013 | archive-date=12 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412150229/https://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>