Editing Huguenots (section)

===Great Britain and Ireland===
====England====
{{See also|History of the Huguenots in Kent}}[[File:huguenot canterbury.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Huguenot weavers' houses at [[Canterbury]]]]
As a major Protestant nation, England patronized and helped protect Huguenots since at least the mid-1500s. Kent hosted the [[History of the Huguenots in Kent|first congregation of Huguenots]] in England in around 1548.<ref>Cross, Francis W. (1898). ''History of the Walloon & Huguenot Church at Canterbury''. Canterbury: Printed for the Huguenot Society of London. p. 3.</ref> During the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] (1553–1558) they were expelled but, with the accession of [[Elizabeth I]], returned to London in 1559 and Kent in 1561.<ref>Smiles, Samuel (1867). ''The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, & Industries in England and Ireland''. London: John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 104.</ref> An early group of Huguenots settled in [[Colchester]] in 1565.<ref>D.J.B. Trim, . "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562–77." ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 27.2 (1999): 189–199.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|title=Colchester|publisher=Huguenots of Spitalfields|access-date=5 April 2021|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234810/http://huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was a small naval [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]], in which the English supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII.<ref>G.M.D. Howat, ''Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' (1974) p. 156.</ref> London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. Some 40,000–50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700.<ref>Roy A. Sundstrom, "French Huguenots and the Civil List, 1696–1727: A Study of Alien Assimilation in England." ''Albion'' 8.3 (1976): 219–235.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century." ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 9.4 (1983): 384–395.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "England's First Refugees" ''History Today'' (May 1985) 38#5 pp. 22–28.</ref> Many others went to the American colonies, especially [[History of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>Jon Butler, ''The Huguenots in America: A refugee people in New World society'' (1983).</ref><ref>Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s." ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 110.1/2 (2009): 6–34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646895 online]</ref> The immigrants included many skilled craftsmen and entrepreneurs who facilitated the economic modernization of their new home, in an era when economic innovations were transferred by people rather than through printed works. The British government ignored the complaints made by local craftsmen about the favoritism shown to foreigners.<ref>Heinz Schilling,"Innovation through migration: the settlements of Calvinistic Netherlanders in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Central and Western Europe." ''Histoire Sociale/Social History'' 16.31 (1983). [https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/38252/34652 online]</ref><ref>Mark Greengrass, "Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England." ''Immigrants & Minorities'' 4.3 (1985): 68–81.</ref> The immigrants assimilated well in terms of using English, joining the Church of England, intermarriage and business success. They founded the silk industry in England.<ref>Irene Scouloudi, ed. ''Huguenots in Britain and Their French Background, 1550–1800'' (1987)</ref><ref>Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century." ''Proceedings-Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 26 (1997): 564–576.</ref> Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class.<ref>Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class." ''Paedagogica Historica'' 54.4 (2018): 389–409 [https://www.academia.edu/download/55268939/Bridging_the_English_Channel_Huguenots_i.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Both before and after the 1708 passage of the [[Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708|Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act]], an estimated 50,000 Protestant [[Walloons]] and French Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010095 |title=The Huguenots in England |newspaper=The Economist|date= 28 August 2008|access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref> [[Andrew Lortie]] (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] during Mass.

Of the refugees who arrived on the [[Kent]] coast, many gravitated towards [[Canterbury]], then the county's [[Calvinist]] hub. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] there. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] granted them the whole of the western crypt of [[Canterbury Cathedral]] for worship. In 1825, this privilege was reduced to the south aisle and in 1895 to the former [[chantry]] chapel of the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]]. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3&nbsp;pm.
[[File:Fruchard.jpg|thumb|Trade card for Philip Fruchard, a Huguenot [[coal merchant]] in London]]
Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where [[weavers' windows]] survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a [[timber framing|half-timbered]] house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830. (It has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above. The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Other refugees practiced the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city.<!-- dead link<ref>[http://www.digiserve.com/peter/weavers.htm "Huguenot Weavers"], Digiserve</ref> --> They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]], [[Faversham, Kent|Faversham]] and [[Maidstone]]—towns in which there used to be refugee churches.

The [[French Protestant Church of London]] was established by [[Royal Charter]] in 1550. It is now located at [[Soho Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org |title=French Protestant Church of London |publisher=Egliseprotestantelondres.org |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517081120/http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org/ |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> Huguenot refugees flocked to [[Shoreditch]], London. They established a major [[weaving]] industry in and around [[Spitalfields]] (see [[Petticoat Lane]] and the [[Tenterground]]) in East London.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22743 ''Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836'', A History of the County of Middlesex: Vol. 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 91–95] Date accessed: 21 May 2008</ref> In [[Wandsworth]], their gardening skills benefited the [[Battersea]] market gardens. The flight of Huguenot refugees from [[Tours]], France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Some of these immigrants moved to [[Norwich]], which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city.
[[File:Rochester Huguenots' Portrait Fenhoulet Family 3590.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Huguenot family in England]]
Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th-century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry,<ref name="palliser">{{cite book|last=Palliser|first=Mrs. Bury|author-link=Fanny Bury Palliser|title=History of Lace|url=https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog|year=1865|publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog/page/n376 299]|quote=A nest of refugee lace-makers, 'who came out of France by reason of the late "troubles" yet continuing,' were congregated at Dover (1621–22). A list of about twenty-five 'widows being makers of Bone lace is given...'}}</ref><ref name="wright">{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Thomas|title=The Romance of the Lace Pillow|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122|year=1919|publisher=H.H. Armstrong|location=Olney, Bucks|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122/page/n60 37]–38}}</ref> this is contentious.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seguin|first=Joseph|title=La dentelle: Histoire, description fabrication, bibliographie|url=https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu|year=1875|location=Paris|page=[https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu/page/140 140]|publisher=J. Rothschild|editor=J. Rothschild|language=fr|quote=There is a tradition that the art of bobbin lace was brought to England by the Flemish emigrants who, fleeing from the tyranny of the Duke of Alba, went to settle in England. This tradition is entirely false for the lace industry did not exist in Flanders when the Duke of Alba went there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yallop|first=H.J.|title=The History of the Honiton Lace Industry|year=1992|publisher=University of Exeter Press|location=Exeter|isbn=0859893790|page=18}}</ref> The only reference to immigrant lace makers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,<ref name="palliser" /> and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lace makers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground",<ref name="wright" /> is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levey|first=Santina|author-link=Santina M. Levey|title=Lace, A History|year=1983|publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum|location=London|isbn=090128615X|page=90|quote=Until the late 18th century, the lace made at Lille was indistinguishable from the other copies of Michelin and Valencienne, but, at that time, it appears to have adopted—along with a number of other centres—the simple twist-net ground of the plainer blonde and thread laces.}}</ref>

Many Huguenots from the [[Lorraine]] region also eventually settled in the area around [[Stourbridge]] in the modern-day [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], where they found the raw materials and fuel to continue their glassmaking tradition. Anglicized names such as Tyzack, Henzey and Tittery are regularly found amongst the early glassmakers, and the region went on to become one of the most important glass regions in the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Jason|title=Glassmakers of Stourbridge and Dudley 1612–2002|year=2002|publisher=Jason Ellis|location=Harrogate|isbn=1-4010-6799-9}}</ref>

[[Winston Churchill]] was the most prominent Briton of Huguenot descent, deriving from the Huguenots who went to the colonies; his American grandfather was [[Leonard Jerome]].

====Ireland====
[[File:Huguenot Cemetery, Cork.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to [[Huguenot Cemetery, Cork]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork, Munster]]]]

Following the French crown's revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]], many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland.<ref>Grace Lawless Lee (2009), ''The Huguenot Settlements in Ireland'', Page 169</ref><ref>Raymond Hylton (2005), ''Ireland's Huguenots and Their Refuge, 1662–1745: An Unlikely Haven'', p. 194, Quote: "The Bishop of Kildare did come to Portarlington to consecrate the churches, backed by two prominent Huguenot Deans of ... Moreton held every advantage and for most of the Portarlington Huguenots there could be no option but acceptance ...</ref><ref>Raymond P. Hylton, "Dublin's Huguenot Community: Trials, Development, and Triumph, 1662–1701", ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London'' 24 (1983–1988): 221–231</ref><ref>Raymond P. Hylton, "The Huguenot Settlement at Portarlington, ...</ref><ref>C. E. J. Caldicott, Hugh Gough, Jean-Paul Pittion (1987), ''The Huguenots and Ireland: Anatomy of an Emigration'', Quote: "The Huguenot settlement at Portarlington, 1692–1771. Unique among the French Protestant colonies established or augmented in Ireland following the Treaty of Limerick (1691), the Portarlington settlement was planted on the ashes of an ..."</ref> Huguenot regiments fought for [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in the [[Williamite War in Ireland]], for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in [[Dublin]].<ref>[http://www.celticcousins.net/ireland/huguenotpensioners.htm The Irish Pensioners] of [[William III of England|William III]]'s Huguenot Regiments</ref> Significant Huguenot settlements were in [[Dublin]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Portarlington, County Laois|Portarlington]], [[Lisburn]], [[Waterford]] and [[Youghal]]. Smaller settlements, which included [[Killeshandra]] in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the [[Irish linen]] industry.

For over 150 years, Huguenots were allowed to hold their services in Lady Chapel in [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick's Cathedral]]. A [[Huguenot Cemetery, Dublin|Huguenot cemetery]] is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. Prior to its establishment, Huguenots used the [[Cabbage Garden, Dublin|Cabbage Garden]] near the cathedral. Another [[Huguenot Cemetery, Cork|Huguenot cemetery]] is located off French Church Street in Cork.

A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in [[Cork City]]; and [[D'Olier Street]] in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. A French church in Portarlington dates back to 1696,<ref>[http://www.iol.ie/~offaly/stpauls.htm ''300 years of the French Church''], St. Paul's Church, Portarlington.</ref> and was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.<ref>[http://www.grantonline.com/grant-family-individuals/blong-george-1790/portarlington/portarlington.htm Portarlington], Grant Family Online</ref>

One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was [[Seán Lemass]] (1899–1971), who was appointed as ''[[Taoiseach]]'', serving from 1959 until 1966.

====Scotland====
With the precedent of a historical alliance — the [[Auld Alliance]] — between Scotland and France, Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kathy Chater|title=Tracing Your Huguenot Ancestors: A Guide for Family Historians|date=2012|publisher=[[Pen & Sword]]|isbn=978-1848846104|quote=Combined with what was called the '[[Auld Alliance]]' between Scotland and France (England's traditional enemy), this meant that French Huguenots found Scotland a welcoming refuge.}}</ref> Although they did not settle in Scotland in such significant numbers as in other regions of Britain and Ireland, Huguenots have been romanticised, and are generally considered to have contributed greatly to Scottish culture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=[[The Scots Magazine]]|publisher=[[DC Thomson]]|edition=Volume 60|quote=Scotland owes a great deal to the Huguenots. They were the flower of France, and the persecution, epitomised by the [[St Bartholomew's Day massacre|massacre of St Bartholomew's Day]], 1572, which drove so many to seek refuge abroad, enriched our nation}}</ref> [[John Arnold Fleming]] wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 ''Huguenot Influence in Scotland'',<ref>{{cite book|author=John Arnold Fleming|author-link=John Arnold Fleming|title=Huguenot influence in Scotland|date=1953|publisher=W. Maclellan}}</ref> while sociologist [[Abraham Lavender]], who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to [[Calvinist]] customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.<ref>{{cite book|title=French Huguenots: From Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants|author=Abraham Lavender|author-link=Abraham Lavender|date=1989|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=978-0820411361|quote=In Scotland, the Huguenots 'became part of the warp and woof of the Scottish nation. They followed the tenets of [[John Calvin]] and made their contribution social, religious and commercial' (Reaman 1966; 95).}}</ref>

====Wales====
A number of French Huguenots settled in Wales, in the upper [[Rhymney]] valley of the current [[Caerphilly County Borough]]. The community they created there is still known as ''[[Fleur de Lys]]'' (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. Nearby villages are [[Hengoed]], and [[Ystrad Mynach]]. Apart from the French village name and that of the local rugby team, [[Fleur De Lys RFC]], little remains of the French heritage.