Editing Hudson's Bay Company (section)

==Corporate governance==
[[File:HBC-coa.JPG|thumb|[[Coat of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company|Heraldic achievement of Hudson's Bay Company]]:<ref name="Coat of Arms">{{Cite web |title=HBC Heritage – Coat of Arms |url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/company-stories/coat-of-arms |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Hudson's Bay Company}}</ref> ''Argent, a cross gules between four [[beaver]]s passant [[Tincture (heraldry)|proper]]''. [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]]: ''On a [[Cap of Maintenance|chapeau gules turned up ermine]] a fox sejant proper''. [[Supporter (heraldry)|Supporters]]: ''Two bucks proper''. Latin [[Motto]]: {{langx|la|pro pelle cutem|lit=skin for leather}}<ref>''Cassell's Latin Dictionary.'' The two different Latin words for skin or leather must be translated accordingly in English by the use of two different words of roughly the same meaning, denoting an exchange</ref> apparently a play on [[Book of Job|Job]], 2:4: {{lang|la|Pellem pro pelle}}<ref>{{lang|la|Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio|italic=yes}}, {{lang|it|Libreria Editrice Vaticana|italic=no}}, 1986 (Latin Vulgate Bible)</ref> "skin for skin".<ref>As translated in the King James Bible</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What does your motto 'Pro Pelle Cutem' mean? |url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/faq/default#4 |access-date=5 October 2015 |publisher=Hudson's Bay Company |department=HBC Heritage FAQ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=E. E. |date=April 1961 |title=Manitoba Pageant: Pro Pelle Cutem, The Hudson's Bay Company Motto |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/06/propellecutem.shtml |journal=Manitoba Pageant |volume=6 |issue=3 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>]]

{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image3 = Hudson's Bay Company Flag.svg
| caption3 = [[Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company]] from 1801 to 1965
| image2 = Hudson's Bay Company Flag (1707-1801).svg
| caption2 = The Company's flag from 1707 to 1801
| image1 = Hudson's Bay Company Flag (1682-1707).svg
| caption1 = The Company's flag from 1682 to 1707
}}

{{As of|2018|1}}, the members of the board of directors of Hudson's Bay Company are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://investor.hbc.com/directors.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120094814/http://investor.hbc.com/directors.cfm |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Hudson's Bay Company}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Richard A. Baker (businessman)|Richard A. Baker]]
* Robert C. Baker
* Eric Gross
* Steven Langman
* David G. Leith
* William L. Mack
* Lee S. Neibart
* Denise Pickett
* Wayne Pommen
* Earl Rotman
* [[Matthew Rubel]]
* [[Andrea Wong]]
{{div col end}}

===Corporate hierarchy===
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hudson's Bay Company operated with a very rigid employee hierarchy. This hierarchy essentially broke down into two levels; the officers and the servants. Comprising the officers were the factors, masters and chief traders, clerks and surgeons. The servants were the tradesmen, boatmen, and labourers. The officers essentially ran the fur trading posts. They had many duties which included supervising the workers in their trade posts, valuing the furs, and keeping trade and post records. In 1821, when Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company merged, the hierarchy became even stricter and the lines between officers and servants became virtually impossible to cross. Officers in charge of individual trading posts had much responsibility because they were directly in charge of enforcing the policies made by the governor and committee (the board) of the company. One of these policies was the price of particular furs and trade goods. These prices were called the Official and Comparative Standards. Made-Beaver, the quality measurement of the pelt, was the means of exchange used by Hudson's Bay Company to define the Official and Comparative Standards. Because the governor was stationed in London, England, they needed to have reliable officers managing the trade posts halfway around the world. Because the fur trade was a very dynamic market, HBC needed to have some form of flexibility when dealing with prices and traders. Price fluctuation was deferred to the officers in charge of the trade posts, and the head office recorded any difference between the company's standard and that set by the individual officers. Overplus, or any excess revenue gained by officers, was strictly documented to insure that it was not being pocketed and taken from the company. This strict yet flexible hierarchy exemplifies how Hudson's Bay Company was able to be so successful while still having its central management and trade posts located so far apart.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carlos |first1=Ann M. |last2=Lewis |first2=Frank D. |date=September 1993 |title=Indians, the Beaver, and the Bay: The Economics of Depletion in the Lands of Hudson's Bay Company, 1700–1763 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=465–494 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700013450 |jstor=2122402|s2cid=154869132}}</ref><ref name="Judd">{{Cite journal |last=Judd |first=Carol |date=November 1980 |title=Native labour and social stratification in Hudson's Bay Company's Northern Department, 1770–1870 |journal=Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=305–314 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.1980.tb00707.x}}</ref>

;Hierarchichal order pre-1821<ref name="Judd" />
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" width="50" | #
! align="center" width="360" | Job Title
|-
|||''' ''OFFICERS'' '''
|-
| 1 || ''Chief Factor''
|-
| 2|| ''Second'' [Factor]
|-
| 3 || ''Master'' [of a trading station]
|-
| 4|| ''Sloopmaster'' <br /> ''Surgeon''
|-
| 5|| ''Writer''
|-
| 6|| ''Apprentice''
|-
|||''' ''SERVANTS'' '''
|-
|1|| ''Tradesman'' <br /> ''Steersman''
|-
|2|| ''Canoeman'' <br /> ''Bowsman''
|-
|3|| ''Middleman''
|-
|4|| ''Labourer''
|}

;Hierarchical order 1821–1871<ref name="Judd" /><ref>Taché, Alexandre Antonin & Cameron, Donald Roderick (1870). ''Sketch of the North-west of America''. Montreal: John Lovell, p. 72.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" width="50" | #
! align="center" width="260" | Job Title
! align="left" width="180" | Pay per year
|-
|||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |'''COMMISSIONED OFFICERS'''
|-
|1 || ''Governor of Rupert's Land'' || [[Performance-related pay|Performance Pay]]
|-
| 2 || ''Chief Factor'' || Two shares
|-
|3 || ''Chief Trader'' || One share
|-
| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  '''GENTLEMEN'''
|-
|4 || ''Clerk'' || £75–100
|-
| 5 ||''Apprenticed Clerk'' || £25–27
|-
| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  '''NON-GENTLEMEN'''
|-
| 6 || ''Postmaster'' ||  £40–75
|-
|7 || ''Guide'' <br /> ''Interpreter'' <br /> ''Sloopmaster''  ||£30–45
|-
| 8 || ''Apprentice postmaster'' ||
|-
| ||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  '''SERVANTS'''
|-
| 9 || ''Tradesman'' <br /> ''Steersman'' <br />''Boatman'' <br /> ''Bowsman'' <br /> ''Middleman'' <br /> ''Labourer''|| £16–40
|}

==== Progression ====
In the 19th century, career progression for officers, together referred to as the Commissioned Gentlemen, was to enter the company as a fur trader. Typically, they were men who had the capital to invest in starting up their trading. They sought to be promoted to the rank of Chief Trader. A Chief Trader would be in charge of an individual post and was entitled to one share of the company's profits. Chief Factors sat in council with the Governors and were the heads of districts. They were entitled to two shares of the company's profits or losses. The average income of a Chief Trader was £360 and that of a Chief Factor was £720.<!-- convert to contemporary equivalents --><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morton |first1=Arthur S. |title=A History of the Canadian West to 1870–71 |last2=Thomas |first2=Lewis G. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8020-4033-6 |edition=2nd |location=Toronto, Ontario |page=690 |orig-year=1939}}</ref>

=== Governors ===
{{anchor|List of Governors}}
Chronological list of governors of the Hudson's Bay Company:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: People: Governors |url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927115548/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/ |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=HBC Heritage}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
# 1670–82&nbsp; [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: People: Governors: His Highness Prince Rupert of the Rhine |url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/princerupert.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928173106/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/princerupert.asp |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=HBC Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupert, Prince |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/r/rupert_prince.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114648/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/r/rupert_prince.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1683–85&nbsp; [[James II of England|James Stuart, Duke of York]] – resigned as governor to become King James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=John |url={{google books|w5bGqCEp5n8C|plainurl=yes|page=44}} |title=James II |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3000-8728-4 |edition=revised, 3rd |location=New Haven, Connecticut |page=44 |access-date=7 October 2015 |orig-year=1978}}</ref>
# 1685–92&nbsp; [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: People: Governors: John, Lord Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough) |url=http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnchurchill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928171553/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnchurchill |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=HBC Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Churchill, John |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/churchill_john_malborough.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113543/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/churchill_john_malborough.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1692–96&nbsp; Sir [[Stephen Evance]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evance, Stephen (c.1655–1712), of the 'Black Boy', Lombard Street, London |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/evance-stephen-1655-1712 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=History of Parliament Online}}</ref>
# 1696–1700&nbsp; Sir [[William Trumbull]]<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle=Trumbull, William (1639-1716) |last=Courtney |first=William Prideaux |volume=57 |pages=265–267}}</ref>
# 1700–12&nbsp; Sir Stephen Evance
# 1712–43&nbsp; Sir [[Bibye Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake, Bibye (Sir) |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/_docs/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1712-1743.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212125/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1712-1743.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1744–46&nbsp; Benjamin Pitt<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitt, Benjamin |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/p/pitt_benjamin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224722/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/p/pitt_benjamin.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1746–50&nbsp; Thomas Knapp<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knapp, Thomas |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/k/knapp_thomas.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031420/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/k/knapp_thomas.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1750–60&nbsp; [[Lake baronets|Sir Atwell Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake, Atwell (Sir) |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_atwell.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031358/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_atwell.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1760–70&nbsp; [[William Baker (British politician)|Sir William Baker]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baker, William (Sir) |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/baker_william.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175927/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/baker_william.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1770–82&nbsp; Sir Bibye Lake Jr.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake, Bibye |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1770-1782.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182735/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1770-1782.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1782–99&nbsp; Samuel Wegg<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wegg, Samuel |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/w/wegg_samuel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822185433/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/w/wegg_samuel.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1799–1807&nbsp; Sir James Winter Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake, James Winter (Sir) |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_james-winter.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210548/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_james-winter.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1807–12&nbsp; William Mainwaring<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mainwaring, William |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/m/mainwaring_william.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822183104/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/m/mainwaring_william.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref><!-- HBC Archives specifically state he is not [[William Mainwaring (English politician)]] -->
# 1812–22&nbsp; Joseph Berens<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berens, Joseph |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_joseph.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010344/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_joseph.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1822–52&nbsp; [[Sir John Pelly, 1st Baronet|Sir John Henry Pelly]] in 1826, Simpson becomes governor of the Canadian region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: People: Governors: Sir John Henry Pelly, Bart. |url=http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnhenrypelly |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=HBC Heritage |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001162059/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnhenrypelly |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# 1852–56&nbsp; [[Andrew Wedderburn Colvile]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colville, Andrew |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/colville_andrew.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103527/https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/colville_andrew.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1856–58&nbsp; [[John Shepherd (governor and chairman)|John Shepherd]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shepherd, John |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/shepherd_john.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203256/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/shepherd_john.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1858–63&nbsp; [[Henry Hulse Berens]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berens, Henry Hulse |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_henry.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822180132/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_henry.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1863–68&nbsp; Sir [[Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet|Edmund Walker Head]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head, Edmund Walker |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/h/head_edmund-walker.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040430/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/h/head_edmund-walker.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1868–69&nbsp; [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
# 1869–74&nbsp; Sir [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Stafford Henry Northcote]]<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle=Northcote, Stafford Henry |last=Sanders |first=Lloyd Charles |author-link=Lloyd Charles Sanders |volume=41 |pages=194–199}}</ref>
# 1874–80&nbsp; [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|George Joachim Goschen]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goschen, George Joachim |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/g/goschen_george-joachim.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232231/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/g/goschen_george-joachim.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1880–89&nbsp; [[Eden Colvile]]<ref>{{cite DCB |title=Colvile, Eden |first=J.E. |last=Rea |volume=12 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/colvile_eden_12E.html |access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref>
# 1889–1914&nbsp; [[Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal|Donald Alexander Smith]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: People: Governors: Donald A. Smith |url=http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/donaldsmith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928171433/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/donaldsmith |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=HBC Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smith, Donald Alexander |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/smith_donald-alexander.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233939/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/smith_donald-alexander.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1914–15&nbsp; [[Sir Thomas Skinner, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Skinner]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skinner, Thomas |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/skinner_thomas1914-1915.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235629/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/skinner_thomas1914-1915.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=Hudson's Bay Company Archives}}</ref>
# 1916–25&nbsp; [[Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley|Sir Robert Molesworth Kindersley]]
# 1925–31&nbsp; Charles Vincent Sale
# 1931–52&nbsp; Sir [[Patrick Ashley Cooper]] – first governor to visit HBC operations in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Peter C. |url={{google books||plainurl=yes|page=591}} |title=Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales of People, Passion and Power |date=2004 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=978-0-7710-6792-1 |location=Toronto |page=591 |access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref>
# 1952–65&nbsp; [[Tony Keswick|William "Tony" Keswick]]
# 1965–70&nbsp; [[Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory|Derick Heathcoat-Amory]]
# 1970–82&nbsp; George T. Richardson
# 1982–94&nbsp; Donald S. McGiverin
# 1994–97&nbsp; David E. Mitchell
# 1997–2006&nbsp; [[Yves Fortier (lawyer)|L. Yves Fortier]]
# 2006–08&nbsp; [[Jerry Zucker (businessman)|Jerry Zucker]]
# 2008&nbsp; [[Anita Zucker]] – first female governor.
# 2008–present&nbsp; [[Richard A. Baker (businessman)|Richard Baker]]
{{div col end}}