Editing History of Iran (section)

===Kara Koyunlu===
{{Main|Kara Koyunlu}}
The Kara Koyunlu were a [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]]<ref>{{citation
| author1= W. B. Fisher | author2= C. E. Bosworth
| year = 2011 | orig-date=1986
| url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river#pt2
| title= Araxes River 
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210104154026/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river#pt2
| url-status=live 
| archive-date= 4 January 2021
}}<br />"Subsequently, it came under the control of Turkmen dynasties like the Āq Qoyunlū and Qara Qoyunlū and then of local khanates like those of Qara Bāḡ and Naḵǰavān which formed a buffer region between the Ottomans and Safavids."{{pb}}{{cite book |last1=Philippe |first1=Beaujard |title=The Worlds of the Indian Ocean |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf |isbn=978-1-108-34121-9 |pages=515–521}}<br />"In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu ("[Those of the] Black Sheep"), who took Baghdad in 1412."{{pb}}{{cite web |title=Kara Koyunlu |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kara-Koyunlu |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2020-07-16 |archive-date=2019-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322033432/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kara-Koyunlu |url-status=live }}<br />"Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."{{pb}}{{cite book |title=The Book of Dede Korkut |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofdedekorkut0000unse |url-access=registration |date=1972 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70787-8 |at=Introduction |edition=F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker}}</ref> tribal federation that ruled over northwestern Iran and surrounding areas from 1374 to 1468 CE. The Kara Koyunlu expanded their conquest to Baghdad, however, internal fighting, defeats by the [[Timurids]], rebellions by the [[Armenians]] in response to their persecution,<ref>Kouymjian. "Armenia", pp. 6–7.</ref> and failed struggles with the [[Ag Qoyunlu]] led to their eventual demise.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea|url-access=limited|last=Stearns|first=Peter N.|author2=Leonard, William|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Muffin Books|isbn=0-395-65237-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea/page/n2448 122]}}</ref>