Editing History of Egypt (section)

==== Revolution ====
{{Main|Egyptian revolution of 2011}}
In 2003, the ''[[Kefaya]]'' ("Egyptian Movement for Change"), was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater [[civil liberties]].

[[File:Tahrir Square on February11.png|thumb|Celebrations in [[Tahrir Square]] after [[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]]'s statement announcing [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s resignation]]
On 25 January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government. The objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power. These took the form of an intensive campaign of [[civil resistance]] supported by a very large number of people and mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations. By 29 January, it was becoming clear that Mubarak's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored, and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree.

On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Vice President [[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]] announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the [[Egyptian military]] would assume control of the nation's affairs in the short term.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live | title=Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military | work=The New York Times | date=11 February 2010 | access-date=11 February 2011 | first=David D. | last=Kirkpatrick}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12433045 | title=Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader | publisher=BBC | date=11 February 2010 | access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> Jubilant celebrations broke out in [[Tahrir Square]] at the news.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html Mubarak Resigns As Egypt's President, Armed Forces To Take Control] ''Huffington Post''/AP, 11 February 2011</ref> Mubarak may have left Cairo for [[Sharm el-Sheikh]] the previous night, before or shortly after the airing of a taped speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mubarak Flees Cairo for Sharm el-Sheikh|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mubarak-flees-cairo-for-sharm-el-sheikh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629172135/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/11/501364/main20031477.shtml |archive-date=2012-06-29 |date=11 February 2011|work=CBS News|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

On 13 February 2011, the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved. The parliamentary election was to be held in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12443678|title=Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended|publisher=BBC|date=13 February 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref>

A [[Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011|constitutional referendum]] was held on 19 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Commonwealth Parliament, Parliament House Canberra |title=The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2011/March/The_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum_of_March_2011_a_new_beginning |website=www.aph.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|first parliamentary election]] since the Mubarak regime fell. Turnout was high and there were no reports of violence, although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections Egypt's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections]. [[NPR]]. 28 November 2011. Last Retrieved 29 November 2011.</ref> There were, however, complaints of irregularities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud |work=Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum |author=[[Daniel Pipes]] and Cynthia Farahat |date=24 January 2012}}</ref>