Editing History of Christianity (section)

=== Nineteenth and twentieth centuries ===
The [[Second Great Awakening]] - a religious revival of the 1800s–1830s - produced [[Latter Day Saint movement|Mormonism]], [[Restoration Movement|Restorationism]], and the [[Holiness movement]].{{sfn|Caldwell|2017|pp=3-4, 6}} Mormons preached the restoration of first-century Christianity, upheld [[millennialism]] and [[premillennialism]], and sought to create a religious utopia.{{sfn|Howe|2015|pp=27, 8, 29, 30, 32-33}} Restorationists, such as the [[Churches of Christ]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh Day Adventists]], also focused on restoring practices of the early church, emphasizing baptism as the crucial conversion experience and biblical authority.{{sfn|Ware|1999|p=233}}{{sfn|Caldwell|2017|pp=3, 10}} The Holiness movement contributed to the development of [[Pentecostalism]] by combining Restorationism with the goal of [[Sanctification in Christianity|sanctification]] defined as a deeper spiritual experience.{{sfn|Ware|1999|pp=234, 237}} 
[[File:Slavery19.jpg|thumb|alt=example of an anti-slavery tract concerning the separation of black families|American anti-slavery tract, 1853]]
This revival focused on evidencing conversion through active moral reform in areas such as [[women's rights]], [[Temperance movement|temperance]], literacy, and [[Abolitionism|the abolition of slavery]]. The pursuit of women's rights established "prayer, worship, and biblical exegesis as weapons of political warfare",{{sfn|Saunders|2019|p=abstract}} while the accent on human choice and activism influenced [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicalism]] thereafter.{{sfn|Caldwell|2017|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|Mintz|1995| pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Cairns|2015|p=26}}{{sfn|Masters|Young|2022|loc=abstract}} The 300-year-old [[trans-Atlantic slave trade]], in which some Christians had participated, had always garnered moral objections, and by the eighteenth century, individual [[Quakers]], [[Methodists]], Presbyterians, and [[Baptists]] began a written campaign against it.{{sfn|Brown|2006|pp=517–524}} Congregations led by black preachers kept abolitionism alive into the early nineteenth century when some American Protestants organized the first [[American Anti-Slavery Society|anti-slavery societies]].{{sfn|Brown|2006|pp=525–530}} This ideological opposition eventually ended the trans-Atlantic slave trade, changing economic and human history on three continents.{{sfn|Eltis|1987|pp=71, 103, 236–239|loc=chapter 13}}{{sfn|Brown|2006|pp=525–526}} 

The [[Third Great Awakening]] began in 1857 and took root throughout the world, especially in English-speaking countries.{{sfn|Cairns|2015|p=26}} Nineteenth-century Protestant missionaries, many of them women, played a significant role in shaping nations and societies.{{sfn|Gilley|2006|p=2}}{{sfn|Robert|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Gonzalez|2010|p=302}}{{sfn|Gilley|2006|p=5}} They translated the Bible into local languages, generating a written [[grammar]], a [[lexicon]] of native traditions, and a [[dictionary]] of the local language.{{sfn|Sanneh|2007|p=xx}} These were used to teach in missionary schools, resulting in the spread of literacy and [[indigenization]].{{sfn|Táíwò|2010|pp=68–70}}{{sfn|Sanneh|2016|pp=279, 285}}{{sfn|Isichei|1995|p=9}} According to historian [[Lamin Sanneh]], Protestant missionaries thus stimulated the "largest, most diverse and most vigorous movement of cultural renewal" in African history.{{sfn|Sanneh|2016|p=xx}}{{sfn|Gilley|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|de Juan|Pierskalla|2017|p=161}}

[[Liberal Christians]] embraced seventeenth-century rationalism, but its disregard of faith and ritual in maintaining Christianity led to its decline. [[Fundamentalist Christianity]] rose in the early 1900s as a reaction against [[Modernist Christianity|modern rationalism]].{{sfn|Gasper|2020|p=13}}{{sfn|Hobson|2013|pp=1; 3-4}} By 1930, Protestant fundamentalism in America appeared to be dying.{{sfn|Gasper|2020|pp=14, 18}}{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=22}} However, in the second half of the 1930s, a theology against liberalism that also included a reevaluation of Reformation teachings began uniting moderates of both sides.{{sfn|Gasper|2020|p=19}}{{sfn|Harris|1998|pp=42, 57}}

The Roman Catholic Church became increasingly centralized, conservative, and focused on loyalty to the Pope.{{sfn|McLeod|2006|p=3}} As Nazism rose, [[Pope Pius XI]] declared the irreconcilability of the Catholic position with totalitarian fascist states that placed the nation above God.{{sfn|Holmes|1981|p=116}} Most leaders and members of the largest Protestant church in Germany, the [[German Evangelical Church]], supported the [[Nazi Party]] when they came to power in 1933.{{sfn|United States Holocaust Memorial Museu|n.d.}} About a third of German Protestants formed the [[Confessing Church]] which opposed Nazism; its members were harassed, arrested, and otherwise targeted. In Poland, Catholic priests were arrested and [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland|Polish priests and nuns were executed]] en masse.{{sfn|Rossino|2003|pp=72, 169, 185, 285}}