Editing Hipparchus (section)

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em |refs=

<ref name = aaboe1955>{{cite journal
 | last = Aaboe | first = Asger | author-link = Asger Aaboe
 | year = 1955
 | title = On the Babylonian origin of some Hipparchian parameters
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1955.tb00619.x
 | journal = Centaurus
 | volume = 4 | number = 2
 | pages = 122–125
 | bibcode = 1955Cent....4..122A
}}. On {{p.|124}}, Aaboe identifies the Hipparchian equation {{nobr|5458 syn. mo. {{=}}}} {{nobr|5923 drac. mo.}} with the equation of {{nobr|1,30,58 syn. mo. {{=}}}} {{nobr|1,38,43 drac. mo.}} (written in [[sexagesimal]]), citing {{cite book 
 | last = Neugebauer | first = Otto E. | author-link = Otto E. Neugebauer
 | year = 1955
 | title = Astronomical Cuneiform Texts
 | volume = 1
 | page = 73
 | place = London | publisher = Lund Humphries
}}</ref>

<ref name = acerbi2003>{{cite journal
 | last = Acerbi | first = F.
 | year = 2003
 | title = On the shoulders of Hipparchus: A reappraisal of ancient Greek combinatorics
 | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences
 | volume = 57 | number = 6
 | pages = 465–502
 | doi = 10.1007/s00407-003-0067-0
 | s2cid = 122758966
 | url = http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/acerbi/acerbipub5.pdf
 | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023220/http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/acerbi/acerbipub5.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 2011-07-21
}}</ref>

<ref name = bg1991>{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bowen | first1 = A.C.
 | last2 = Goldstein | first2 = B.R.
 | year = 1991
 | title = The Introduction of Dated Observations and Precise Measurement in Greek Astronomy
 | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences
 | volume = 43 | number = 2
 | page = 104
| bibcode = 1991AHES...43...93G
 }}</ref>

<ref name = ccf2002>{{cite journal
 | last1 = Chapront | first1 = J.
 | last2 = Chapront-Touzé | first2 = M.
 | last3 = Francou | first3 = G.
 | year = 2002
 | title = A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements
 | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume = 387 | number = 2
 | pages = 700–709
 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20020420
| s2cid = 55131241
 | doi-access = free
 | bibcode = 2002A&A...387..700C
 }}</ref>

<ref name = delambre1817>{{cite book
 | last = Delambre | first = Jean Baptiste Joseph | author-link = Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
 | year = 1817
 | title = Histoire de l'astronomie ancienne
 | trans-title = History of Ancient Astronomy 
 | volume = 1
 | place = Paris | publisher = Ve Courcier
 | oclc = 594550435
 | language = fr
 | page = lxi
 | quote = Hipparque, le vrai père de l'Astronomie
 | trans-quote = Hipparchus, the true father of Astronomy
 | url = https://archive.org/details/histoiredelastro01dela_0/page/n64/mode/1up
}}</ref>

<ref name = gem>
"Head of Hipparchus", CARC:[https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/1AB583C8-C0E7-4D77-B9E7-9167C2BC80C5 1839-881], described in Poniatowski's 1830–1833 catalog ''Catalogue des pierres gravées antiques'' (VIII.2.60, [https://polona.pl/item-view/2aab1313-ee74-4932-b53a-f37c66aa49c0?page=136 vol. 1, p. 105], [https://polona.pl/item-view/7f06b3df-503a-43d8-b2d7-7d9661255993?page=51 vol. 2, p. 52]) and included in [[Christie's]] 1839 auction (''A catalogue of the very celebrated collection of antique gems of the Prince Poniatowski'' ..., No. 881), with whereabouts since unknown.
</ref>

<ref name = glashan1895>{{cite journal
 | last = Glashan | first = J. C.
 | year = 1895
 | title = Celestial Mechanics: Ptolemy, Copernicus and Newton
 | journal = University of Toronto Quarterly
 | volume = 2 | number = 1
 | issn = 0042-0247
 | oclc = 1011693113
 | page = 49
 | hdl = 2027/mdp.39015059411960?urlappend=%3Bseq=237
 | url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015059411960?urlappend=%3Bseq=237
}}</ref>

<ref name = gwz2022>{{cite journal
 | last1 = Gysembergh | first1 = Victor
 | last2 = Williams | first2 = Peter J.
 | last3 = Zingg | first3 = Emanuel
 | year = 2022
 | title = New evidence for Hipparchus' Star Catalog revealed by multispectral imaging
 | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy
 | volume = 53 | number = 4
 | pages = 383–393
 | doi = 10.1177/00218286221128289
 | doi-access = free
| bibcode = 2022JHA....53..383G
 }}</ref>

<ref name = hoffman-befunde>
{{harvnb|Hoffmann|2017}}, Ch. 6 "Befunde", pp. 661–676, {{doi|10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8_6}}
</ref>

<ref name = hoffmann2018>{{cite journal
 | last = Hoffmann | first = Susanne M.
 | year = 2018
 | title = The Genesis of Hipparchus' Celestial Globe
 | journal = Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
 | volume = 18 | number = 4
 | page = 281
 | issn = 2241-8121
 | url = https://www.maajournal.com/index.php/maa/article/view/738
}}</ref>

<ref name = jones2017>{{cite encyclopedia
 | last1 = Jones | first1 = Alexander Raymond
 | year = 2017
 | title = Hipparchus
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica
 | url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hipparchus-Greek-astronomer
 | access-date = 2017-08-25
}}</ref>

<ref name = jones2010>{{cite book
 | last = Jones | first = Alexander
 | year = 2010
 | editor-last = Jones | editor-first = Alexander
 | title = Ptolemy in Perspective
 | publisher = Springer
 | page = 36
 | chapter = Ancient Rejection and Adoption of Ptolemy's Frame of Reference for Longitudes
 | series = Archimedes
 | volume = 23
 | doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_2
| isbn = 978-90-481-2787-0
 }}</ref>

<ref name = klintberg2005>{{cite journal
 | last = Klintberg | first = Bo C.
 | year = 2005
 | title = Hipparchus's 3600′-Based Chord Table and Its Place in the History of Ancient Greek and Indian Trigonometry
 | journal = Indian Journal of History of Science
 | volume = 40 | number = 2
 | pages = 169–203
 | url = http://www.insa.ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/xmlui/handle/1234567/1708	
}}</ref>

<ref name = ks-engraving>
Image by Charles Kreutzberger and Louis Sargent, printed in: {{pb}}
{{cite book
 | last = Figuier | first = Louis
 | year = 1866
 | title = Vies des savants illustres
 | publisher = Librairie Internationale
 | page = 284
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA283-IA2}} Reprinted with artists' signatures trimmed in: {{pb}}
{{cite book
 | last1 = Yaggy | first1 = Levy W.
 | last2 = Haines | first2 = Thomas L.
 | year = 1880
 | title = Museum of Antiquity
 | publisher = Western Publishing House
 | page = 745
 | url = https://archive.org/details/museumofantiquit00yagg_0/page/745/mode/1up
 }}</ref>

<ref name = kugler1900>{{cite book 
 | last = Kugler | first = Franz Xaver
 | year = 1900
 | title = Die Babylonische Mondrechnung
 | trans-title = The Babylonian lunar computation
 | place = Freiburg im Breisgau |publisher = Herder
 | url = https://archive.org/details/diebabylonische00stragoog/
}}</ref>

<ref name = leverington2003>{{cite book
 | last = Leverington | first = David
 | year = 2003
 | title = Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | page = 30
 | isbn = 9780521808408
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hpi202ybn8C&pg=PA30
}}</ref>

<ref name = linton2004>{{cite book
 | last = Linton | first = C. M.
 | year = 2004
 | title = From Eudoxus to Einstein: a history of mathematical astronomy 
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-521-82750-8
 | page = 52
}}</ref>

<ref name = delambre1827>{{cite book
 | last = Delambre | first = Jean Baptiste Joseph | author-link = Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
 | year = 1827
 | title = Histoire de l'astronomie au dix-huitième siècle
 | trans-title = History of astronomy in the 18th century
 | language = fr
 | place = Paris | publisher = Bachelier
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ps1WS1-5_dYC&pg=PA413
 | page = 413 (see also {{nobr|pp. xvii}} and 420)
}}</ref>

<ref name = mccluskey2000>{{cite book
 | last = McCluskey | first = Stephen C.
 | year = 2000
 | title = Astronomies and cultures in early medieval Europe
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | page = 22
 | isbn = 978-0-521-77852-7
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PsLArVtOsPYC
}}</ref>

<ref name = newcomb1878>{{cite book
 | last = Newcomb | first = Simon | author-link = Simon Newcomb
 | year = 1878
 | title = Popular Astronomy
 | place = New York | publisher = Harper
 | isbn = 978-0-665-01376-8
 | oclc = 612980386
 | page = 5
 | url = https://archive.org/details/albertatest_01376/page/5/
}}</ref>

<ref name = neugebauer1949>{{cite journal
 | last = Neugebauer | first = Otto | author-link = Otto Neugebauer
 | year = 1949
 | title = The Early History of the Astrolabe
 | journal = Isis
 | volume = 40 | number = 3
 | pages = 240–256
 | doi = 10.1086/349045 | jstor = 227240
| s2cid = 144350543 }}</ref>

<ref name = shcheglov2006>{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
 | last = Shcheglov | first = Dmitriy A.
 | year = 2006
 | title = Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata
 | journal = Klio
 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter
 | volume = 88 | number = 2
 | pages = 351–359
 | issn = 2192-7669
 | doi = 10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351
 | oclc = 7003041189
 | id = {{Academia.edu|191065}}
}}</ref>

<ref name = shcheglov2007-thule>{{cite journal
 | ref = none
 | last = Shcheglov | first = D.A.
 | year = 2007
 | title = Ptolemy's Latitude of Thule and the Map Projection in the Pre-Ptolemaic Geography 
 | journal = Antike Naturwissenschaft und Ihre Rezeption (AKAN)
 | volume = 17
 | pages = 121–151 (esp. 132–139)
 | id = {{Academia.edu|213001}}
}}</ref>

<ref name = shcheglov2010>{{cite journal
 | last = Shcheglov | first = Dmitriy A.
 | year = 2010
 | title = Hipparchus on the Latitude of Southern India
 | journal = Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
 | volume = 45 | number = 4
 | issn = 0017-3916
 | pages = 359–380
 | oclc = 7179548964
 | url = https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/361
}}</ref>

<ref name = sf1993>{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
 | last1 = Stephenson | first1 = F. Richard
 | last2 = Fatoohi | first2 = Louay J.
 | year = 1993
 | title = Lunar Eclipse Times Recorded in Babylonian History
 | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy
 | volume = 24 | number = 4 
 | pages = 255–267
 | issn = 0021-8286
 | oclc = 812872940
 | doi = 10.1177/002182869302400402
 | url = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1993JHA....24..255S
}}</ref>

<ref name = smyth>{{cite journal
 | title = Stated Meeting, September 12, 1842
 | journal = Bulletin of the Proceedings of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science
 | volume = 3
 | year = 1845
 | department = Letters and Communications
 | page = 258
 | url = https://archive.org/details/bulletinofprocee01usan/page/258/
}} {{pb}}
{{cite book
 | last = Smyth | first = William Henry | author-link = William Henry Smyth
 | year = 1844
 | title = A Cycle of Celestial Objects, for the use of naval, military, and private astronomers
 | volume = 2
 | url = https://archive.org/details/cycleofcelestial02smytrich/page/n10/mode/1up
 | place = London | publisher = J.W. Parker
 | oclc = 1042977120
 | at = Title page
}}</ref>

<ref name = ssm1997>{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
 | last1 = Steele | first1 = J. M.
 | last2 = Stephenson | first2 = F. R.
 | last3 = Morrison | first3 = L. V.
 | year = 1997
 | title = The Accuracy of Eclipse Times Measured by the Babylonians
 | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy
 | volume = 28 | number = 4
 | pages = 337–345
 | issn = 0021-8286
 | oclc = 5723829772
 | doi = 10.1177/002182869702800404
 | url = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997JHA....28..337S
}}</ref>

<ref name = stanley1997>{{cite journal
 | last = Stanley | first = Richard P. | author-link = Richard P. Stanley
 | year = 1997
 | title = Hipparchus, Plutarch, Schröder, and Hough
 | journal = The American Mathematical Monthly
 | volume = 104 | number = 4
 | pages = 344–350
 | jstor =  2974582
 | doi = 10.2307/2974582
 | url = http://www-math.mit.edu/~rstan/papers/hip.pdf
}}</ref>

<ref name = swerdlow1992>{{cite journal
 | last = Swerdlow | first = N. M.
 | title = The Enigma of Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars
 | year = 1992
 | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy 
 | volume = 23 | number = 3
 | pages = 173–183
 | doi = 10.1177/002182869202300303
 | bibcode = 1992JHA....23..173S
 | s2cid = 116612700
 }}</ref>

<ref name=synesius>[[Synesius]] wrote in a letter describing an instrument involving the stereographic projection: "Hipparchus long ago hinted at the unfolding of a spherical surface [on a plane], so as to keep a proper proportion between the given ratios in the different figures, and he was in fact the first to apply himself to this subject. I, however (if it is not presumptuous to make so great a claim), have followed it to its uttermost conclusion, and have perfected it, although for most of the intervening time the problem had been neglected; for the great Ptolemy and the divine band of his successors were content to make only such use of it as sufficed for the night-clock by means of the sixteen stars, which were the only ones that Hipparchus rearranged and entered on his instrument." Translation from {{harvnb|Dicks|1960}}, fragment 63 pp. 102–103. {{pb}} Dicks concludes (commentary on fragment 63, pp. 194–207): "Whether Synesius' evidence can be accepted at its face value depends on the view taken as to the strength of the objections raised above. On the whole, it would seem that the value of his testimony has been greatly exaggerated, and its unsatisfactory nature on so many points insufficiently emphasized. At any rate, the 'instrument' he sent to Paeonius was either a modified astrolabic clock of the Vitruvian type or a simple celestial map, and not a planispheric astrolabe. Furthermore, on the evidence available we are not, in my opinion, justified in attributing to Hipparchus a knowledge of either stereographic projection or the planispheric astrolabe."</ref>

<ref name = toomer1968>{{cite journal
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | year = 1968
 | title = The Size of the Lunar Epicycle According to Hipparchus
 | journal = Centaurus
 | volume = 12 | number = 3
 | issn = 0008-8994
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1968.tb00087.x
 | oclc = 4656032977
 | pages = 145–150| bibcode = 1968Cent...12..145T }}
</ref>

<ref name = toomer1974-chordtable>{{cite journal
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | year = 1974
 | title = The Chord Table of Hipparchus and the Early History of Greek Trigonometry
 | journal = Centaurus
 | volume = 18 | number = 1
 | issn = 0008-8994
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1974.tb00205.x
 | oclc = 5155644322
 | pages = 6–28
| bibcode = 1974Cent...18....6T }}</ref>

<ref name = toomer1974-sunmoon>{{cite journal
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | year = 1974
 | title = Hipparchus on the Distances of the Sun and Moon
 | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences
 | volume = 14
 | issue = 2 | pages = 126–142
| doi = 10.1007/BF00329826 | s2cid = 122093782 }}</ref>

<ref name = toomer1980>{{cite journal
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | year = 1980
 | title = Hipparchus' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions
 | journal = Centaurus
 | volume = 24 | number = 1
 | pages = 97–109
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1980.tb00367.x
| bibcode = 1980Cent...24...97T }}</ref>

<ref name = toomer1988>{{cite book
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | chapter = Hipparchus and Babylonian Astronomy
 | year = 1988
 | editor1-last = Leichty | editor1-first = Erle
 | editor2-last = Ellis | editor2-first = Maria deJ.
 | title = A Scientific Humanist: studies in memory of Abraham Sachs
 | place = Philadelphia | publisher = Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Univ. Museum
 | pages = 353–362
 | isbn = 978-0-934718-90-5
 }}
</ref>

<ref name = toomer1996>{{cite book
 | last = Toomer | first = Gerald J. | author-link = Gerald J. Toomer
 | year = 1996
 | chapter = Ptolemy and his Greek Predecessors
 | editor-last = Walker | editor-first = Christopher B. F.
 | title = Astronomy before the Telescope
 | place = London | publisher = The British Museum Press
 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse/page/n81/
 | chapter-url-access = limited
 | oclc = 1391175189
 | isbn = 978-0-7141-1746-1
 | page = 81
}}</ref>

<ref name = willard1854>{{cite book
 | last = Willard | first = Emma
 | year = 1854
 | title = Astronography, or Astronomical Geography
 | place = Troy, New York | publisher = Merriam, Moore & Co
 | page = 246
 | url = https://archive.org/details/astronographyora00will/page/246/ 
}}</ref>

<ref name = wilson1989>{{cite journal
 | last = Wilson | first = Robin
 | year = 1989
 | title = Stamp corner
 | journal = [[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]
 | volume = 11 | number = 1
 | page = 72
 | doi = 10.1007/bf03023779
| s2cid = 189887329
 }}</ref>

}} <!-- end reflist -->