Editing Hawaii (section)

===Languages===
[[File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg|thumb|Many [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants were [[Azores|Azorean]] or [[Madeira]]n. They brought with them [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and Portuguese language and cuisine.]]

English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii|url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126122307/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]], locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, Special to|title=Pidgin English is now an official language of Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/living/pidgin-english-hawaii/index.html|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=CNN|date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>

As of the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age{{spaces}}5 and older exclusively speak English at home.<ref name=mla>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190300/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops |archive-date=August 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than{{spaces}}5 speak only English at home.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional [[Languages of Asia|Asian language]], 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other [[Indo-European language]]s and 0.2% speak another language.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" />

After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/Report/Detailed_Language_March2016.pdf |title=DETAILED LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME IN THE STATE OF HAWAII |publisher=Hawaii State Data Center |date=March 2016 |page=iii |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog, which includes non-native speakers of [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a Tagalog-based national and co-official language of the Philippines; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak [[Korean language|Korean]]; and 1.0% speak [[Samoan language|Samoan]].<ref name=mla />

====Hawaiian====
{{main|Hawaiian language}}
The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.<ref name=Lyovin /> According to the [[United States Census]], there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.<ref name="Census Bureau Hawaiian Speaker estimate">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008 |date=April 2010 |website=American Community Survey Data on Language Use |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |format=MS-Excel Spreadsheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-date=September 22, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name=Lyovin>{{Cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-19-508116-9|pages=257–58}}</ref> It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]], such as [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of [[Easter Island]]), and less closely to [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Tongan language|Tongan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The voices of Eden: a history of Hawaiian language studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |date=1994 |isbn=0-585-28415-6 |oclc=45733324}}</ref>

According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |year=1994 |pages=334–36; 338 ''20n'' |isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7}}</ref> and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the [[Society Islands]], [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/hawaiian-language-history-phrases.html |title=Hawaiian Language: History & Phrases |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=study.com}}</ref> These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and [[Hawaiian language#Family and origin|their languages]] evolved into the Hawaiian language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elbert |first1=Samuel H. |author1-link=Samuel Hoyt Elbert |first2=Mary Kawena |last2=Pukui |author2-link=Mary Kawena Pukui |title=Hawaiian Grammar |publisher=The University Press of Hawaii |location=Honolulu, HI |year=1979 |pages=35–36 |isbn=0-8248-0494-5}}</ref> Kimura and Wilson say: "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kimura |first1=Larry |last2=Pila |first2=Wilson |chapter=Native Hawaiian Culture |title=Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report |publisher=[[United States Department of Interior]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1983 |pages=173–203 [185]}}</ref>

Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The [[University of Hawaiʻi]] developed a Hawaiian-language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.honolulumagazine.com/how-honolulu-gets-its-street-names-and-neighborhood-themes/ |title=How Honolulu Gets Its Street Names and Neighborhood Themes |magazine=[[Honolulu (magazine)|Honolulu]] |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

Hawaiian distinguishes between [[Vowel length|long and short vowel sounds]]. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] (''[[Hawaiian language#Orthography|kahakō]]''). Hawaiian-language newspapers (''nūpepa'') published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to capture the proper pronunciation of Hawaiian words.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~strauch/tips/HawaiianOrthography.html |title=Using Correct Hawaiian Orthography |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> The Hawaiian language uses the [[glottal stop]] (''[[ʻOkina]]'') as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iolanipalace.org/information/hawaiian-language/ |title=Use of the Written Hawaiian Language |publisher=Iolani Palace |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is [[QWERTY]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|title=Layouts: Hawaiian (haw)|website=unicode.org|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013041/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hawaiian Pidgin====
{{main|Hawaiian Pidgin}}
[[File:Hermann A. Widemann and family, ca. 1850s.jpg|thumb|Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s]]'''Hawaiian Pidgin''', officially known as [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]] (HCE), is a creole language that emerged in [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]] during the 19th century as a means of communication among diverse groups working on sugarcane plantations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Hawaiian Pidgin History |url=https://www.dapidgin.com/history/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.dapidgin.com}}</ref> Its lexicon is primarily derived from [[English language|English]], with significant contributions from [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

The development of Hawaiian Pidgin began with [[Pidgin Hawaiian]], an earlier pidgin that formed in the 1790s during initial contact between [[Native Hawaiians]] and foreigners. As plantation laborers from various countries arrived, a new pidgin based on English evolved to facilitate communication among workers and supervisors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Pidgin Hawaiian |url=https://apics-online.info/surveys/71 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=apics-online.info}}</ref>

By the early 20th century, children of these plantation workers began acquiring '''Hawaiian Pidgin''' as their first language, leading to its creolization. This transition marked the emergence of HCE as a fully developed creole language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawai{{okina}}i Creole English |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

HCE incorporates Hawaiian words, especially in place names and terms for local flora and fauna. For instance, the Hawaiian term for tuna, "ahi," is commonly used in HCE. Additionally, certain English words have adapted meanings; "aunty" and "uncle" are used to address any respected elder, regardless of familial relation.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Suemedha |date=April 20, 2012 |title=Surfer lingo, explained |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120418-travelwise-surfer-lingo-explained |access-date=December 9, 2020 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Know Before You Go: Pidgin and Hawaiian Language Slang |url=https://www.suite-paradise.com/blog/local-scoop/common-hawaiian-and-pidgin-slang |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Suite Paradise |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pidgin English in Hawaii {{!}} Hawaii Life Vacations |url=https://vacations.hawaiilife.com/blog/hawaii/eh-brah-hawaiian-pidgin-english |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=vacations.hawaiilife.com}}</ref>

Some expressions from HCE have permeated other communities, particularly through surfing culture. Terms like "brah" (brother) and "da kine" (a versatile placeholder term) have gained recognition beyond Hawaiʻi.<ref name=":8" />

In 2015, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] recognized Hawaiian Pidgin as an official language in Hawaiʻi, reflecting its widespread use among residents. Despite this recognition, debates continue about its role in education and its impact on learning [[Standard English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709083050/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Hawaiʻi Sign Language ====
[[Hawaiʻi Sign Language]], a [[sign language]] for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to [[American Sign Language]] supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chin |first=Corinne |title=The fight to save Hawaii Sign Language from extinction |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/08/americas/hawaii-sign-language-extinction-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref>