Editing Grenoble (section)

===Higher education===
[[File:Domaine universitaire Grenoble.jpg|thumb|Campus of the {{Lang|fr|[[Université Grenoble Alpes]]|italic=no}}]]
The city is an important university centre with over 54,000 students in 2013, of whom 16% arrive from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Atlas_2012-2013/27/8/Atlas_1213_Web_316278.pdf |title=Atlas régional des effectifs étudiants en 2012-2013 |language=fr |trans-title=Regional atlas of student numbers in 2012-2013 |date= |website=[[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education]] |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427212456/http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Atlas_2012-2013/27/8/Atlas_1213_Web_316278.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In a 1339 [[papal bull|pontificial bull]], Pope [[Benedict XII]] commissioned the establishment of the [[Université Grenoble Alpes|University of Grenoble]].

In 1965, the university mostly relocated from downtown to a suburban main campus outside of the city in [[Saint-Martin-d'Hères|Saint Martin d'Hères]] (with some parts in [[Gières]]). However, smaller campuses remain both downtown and in the northwestern part of the city known as the ''[[Polygone Scientifique]]'' ("Scientific Polygon").

From 1970 to 2015, the university was divided into four separate institutions sharing the campus grounds, some buildings and laboratories, and even part of their administration:
* Grenoble&nbsp;I – [[Joseph Fourier University]] (sciences, health, technologies)
* Grenoble&nbsp;II – [[Pierre Mendès-France University]] (social sciences)
** which includes the [[Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble|Institute of political studies]]
* Grenoble&nbsp;III – [[Stendhal University]] (humanities)
* [[Grenoble Institute of Technology]] (INPG or Grenoble-INP) is a federation of engineering colleges.

The first three of those merged back on 1 January 2016 to form the {{Lang|fr|[[Université Grenoble Alpes]]|italic=no}}, and the last one joined them on 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020: New year, new Université Grenoble Alpes |work=Université Grenoble Alpes |url=https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/news/headlines/2020-new-year-new-universite-grenoble-alpes-629918.kjsp |last1=Flochlay |first1=Anne-Claire }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:ENAC Grenoble Campus.jpg|thumb|Grenoble Campus of the [[École nationale de l'aviation civile|ENAC]]]]

Campuses are also located in Grenoble for:
*[[École nationale de l'aviation civile]] (French civil aviation university), 
* École d'Architecture de Grenoble (School of Architecture of Grenoble) and 
*[[Grenoble École de Management]] (Grenoble School of Management) triple accredited [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]-[[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]-[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] Business School.

====Science and engineering====
[[File:Esrf grenoble.jpg|thumb|Site of [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]], [[Institut Laue-Langevin]] and [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] at the Western end of the ''[[Polygone Scientifique]]'']]

Grenoble is a major scientific centre, especially in the fields of [[physics]], [[computer science]], and [[applied mathematics]]: [[Joseph Fourier University|Universite Joseph Fourier]] (UJF) is one of the leading French scientific universities while the Grenoble Institute of Technology trains more than 5,000 engineers every year in key technology disciplines. Grenoble's high-tech expertise is organized mainly around three domains: information technology, biotechnologies, and new technologies of energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grenoble.fr/176-poles-de-competitivite.htm|title=Pôles de compétitivité|publisher=Mairie de Grenoble|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819111320/http://www.grenoble.fr/176-poles-de-competitivite.htm|archive-date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French ''[[French National Centre for Scientific Research|National Centre for Scientific Research]]'' (CNRS). Numerous other scientific laboratories are managed independently or in collaboration with the CNRS and the French ''[[Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique|National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control]]'' (INRIA).

Other research centres in or near Grenoble include the [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] (ESRF), the [[Institut Laue-Langevin]] (ILL), the [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] (EMBL), the [[Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique]], one of the main research facilities of the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique|Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique]] (Nuclear Energy Commission, CEA), the [[LNCMI]] and the European branch of [[Xerox|Xerox Research]] (whose most notable center was [[PARC (company)|PARC]]). [[CEA-Leti: Laboratoire d'électronique des technologies de l'information|Leti]] and the recent development of [[Minatec]], a centre for innovation in micro- and nano-technology, only increases Grenoble's position as a European scientific centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minatec.com/minatec_uk/index.htm |title=See official website |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229114700/http://www.minatec.com/minatec_uk/index.htm |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> Biotechnologies are also well represented in the Grenoble region with the molecular biology research center [[BioMérieux]], the [[Clinatec]] center, the regional center NanoBio and many ramifications of the global competitiveness cluster Lyonbiopôle.<ref>[http://www.drt-cea.com/GIANT.htm drt-cea.com, GIANT, CAMPUS D'INNOVATION À GRENOBLE] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Grenoble has large laboratories related to space and to the understanding and observation of the universe as the [[Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique]], the [[Institut de planétologie et d'astrophysique de Grenoble]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/decouverte/sciences/espace/rosetta?r=alpes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629162323/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/decouverte/sciences/espace/rosetta?r=alpes|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2015|title=La mission de la sonde Rosetta prolongée jusqu'en septembre 2016|publisher=francetvinfo.fr|date=2015-06-29|access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> the [[Laboratoire de physique subatomique et de cosmologie de Grenoble]], the [[Institut Néel]] but also to a lesser extent the [[Institut des sciences de la Terre]] (part of the [[Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble]]).

In order to foster this technological cluster university institutions and research organizations united to create the [https://www.giant-grenoble.org/en/presentation/ GIANT] (Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies) Campus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giant-grenoble.org/giant-grenoble-innovation-for-advanced-new-technologies-280947.kjsp?RH=GIANT_EN&RF=GIANT_EN |title=Official website of the GIANT Innovation Campus |publisher=Giant-grenoble.org |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> with the aim at becoming one of the world's top campuses in research (CEA, CNRS), higher education (INP-UGA, Grenoble Ecole de Management), and high tech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.grenoble-em.com/giant-innovation-campus |title=Official website of Grenoble École de Management |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=grenoble-em.com |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref>

The city benefits from the highest concentration of strategic jobs in France after Paris, with 14% of the employments, 35,186 jobs, 45% of which specialized in design and research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1278 |title=Insee – Territoire – Répartition géographique des emplois – Les grandes villes concentrent les fonctions intellectuelles, de gestion et de décision |publisher=Insee.fr |access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref> Grenoble is also the largest research center in France after Paris with 22,800 jobs (11,800 in public research, 7,500 in private research and 3,500 PhD students).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grenoble-isere.com/fre/layout/set/print/content/download/8452/75437/version/2/file/AEPI-mementos+FR-pap.pdf |title=Chiffres clés Grenoble-Isère édition 2011 |publisher=AEPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112211607/http://www.grenoble-isere.com/fre/layout/set/print/content/download/8452/75437/version/2/file/AEPI-mementos+FR-pap.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Grenoble is also renowned for the excellence of its academic research in humanities and political sciences.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Its universities, alongside public scientific institutions, host some of the largest research centres in France (in fields such as political science, urban planning or the [[sociology of organizations]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}