Editing Goguryeo (section)

==Culture==
[[File:Muyongchong Suryeopdo.jpg|thumb|Muyongchong Suryeopdo]]
The culture of Goguryeo was shaped by its climate, religion, and the tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous wars Goguryeo waged.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The ''[[Book of Sui]]'' (Volume 81) recorded: "The customs, laws and clothes of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla are generally identical."<ref>{{cite web |title=風俗·刑政·衣服은 대략 高[句]麗·百濟와 같다. |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=jo_013r_0010_0030_0040 |website=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |language=ko}}</ref>

Attributed with the earliest [[kimchi]], the Goguryeo people were skilled at fermenting and widely consumed fermented food.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Park |first1=Kun-Young |last2=Cheigh |first2=Hong-Sik |title=Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing |date=2003 |publisher=CRC Press |page=190 |chapter=Kimchi}}</ref>

Singing and dancing played an important part in Goguryeo society, a legacy that, according to Kim Hunggyu, continues to this day in modern Korean society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hung-Gyu |last2=Fouser |first2=Robert |title=Understanding Korean Literature |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |page=3}}</ref>

The practice of [[matrilocality]] in Korea started in the Goguryeo period, continued through the Goryeo period and ended in the early Joseon period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molony |first1=Barbara |title=Gender in Modern East Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=김선주 |script-title=ko:연애와 혼인 사이 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/view.do?levelId=km_001_0030_0010_0020 |website=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |language=ko}}</ref> The Korean saying that when a man gets married, he is "entering ''jangga''" (the house of his father-in-law), stems from the Goguryeo period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Bae-yong |title=Women in Korean History |date=2008 |publisher=Ewha Womans University Press |page=19}}</ref>

Goguryeo held an annual national ''[[seokjeon]]'' (stone battle) attended by the king himself.<ref>{{cite web |last1=최상수 |script-title=ko:석전(石戰) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0028491 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref> Originally a product of the warlike Goguryeo period, ''seokjeon'' gradually evolved into a widely enjoyed pastime during the more peaceful Goryeo and Joseon periods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=E-Wha |title=Korea's Pastimes and Customs: A Social History |date=2006 |publisher=Homa & Sekey Books |pages=112–116}}</ref>

The Korean tradition of mothers eating seaweed after birth originated in Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=함혜강 |script-title=ko:[바다정보다잇다] 미역의 효능과 좋은 미역 고르는 방법 - 해양/레저 |url=https://marine.mt.co.kr/articleView.html?no=2019080713565918637 |website=MT해양 |date=2019}}</ref> The Korean word for seaweed, ''miyeok'', originated in Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ko:진도 미역 |url=https://www.grandculture.net/jindo/toc/GC00501456 |website=디지털진도문화대전 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Goguryeo lies a thousand li to the east of Liaodong, being contiguous with Joseon and Yemaek on the south, with Okjeo on the east, and with Buyeo on the north. They make their capital below Hwando. With a territory perhaps two thousand li on a side, their households number three myriads. They have many mountains and deep valleys and have no plains or marshes. Accommodating themselves to mountain and valley, the people make do with them for their dwellings and food. With their steep-banked rivers, they lack good fields; and though they plow and till energetically, their efforts are not enough to fill their bellies; their custom is to be sparing of food. They like to build palaces... By temperament the people are violent and take delight in brigandage... As an old saying of the Dongyi would have it, they are a separate branch of the Buyeo. And indeed there is much about their language and other things they share with the Buyeo, but in temperament and clothing there are differences.<br /><br />Their people delight in singing and dancing. In villages throughout the state, men and women gather in groups at nightfall for communal singing and games. They have no great storehouses, each family keeping its own small store... They rejoice in cleanliness, and they are good at brewing alcohol. When they kneel in obeisance, they extend one leg; in this they differ from the Buyeo. In moving about on foot they all run... In their public gatherings they all wear colorfully brocaded clothing and adorn themselves with gold and silver.{{sfn|Lee|1992|pp=16–17}}|[[Sanguo Zhi]]}}

===Goguryeo tombs===

The tombs of Goguryeo display the prosperity and artistry of the kingdom of the period. The murals inside many of the tombs are significant evidence of Goguryeo's lifestyle, ceremonies, warfare and architecture. Mostly tombs were founded in Ji'an in China's Jilin province, Taedong river basin near Pyongyang, North Korea and the Anak area in South Hwanghae province of North Korea. There are over 10,000 Goguryeo tombs overall, but only about 90 of those unearthed in China and North Korea have wall paintings. In 2004, [[Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom]] located in Ji'an of Jilin Province of China and [[Complex of Koguryo Tombs]] located in North Korea became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

===Lifestyle===
The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modern [[hanbok]], just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. There are murals and artifacts that depict dancers wearing elaborate white dresses.

===Festivals and pastimes===
Common pastimes among Goguryeo people were drinking, singing, or dancing. Games such as wrestling attracted curious spectators.

Every October, the Dongmaeng Festival was held. The Dongmaeng Festival was practiced to worship the gods. The ceremonies were followed by huge celebratory feasts, games, and other activities. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors.

Hunting was a male activity and also served as an appropriate means to train young men for the military. Hunting parties rode on horses and hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests also occurred.

=== Religion ===
[[File:Ddol-mangM.jpg|thumb|200px|Mural of [[Black Tortoise]] of the [[Four Symbols]].]]
[[File:Korean three-legged bird mural.jpg|thumb|220px|A mural of a Chinese mythical animal, [[Three-legged crow|three-legged bird]] in a Goguryeo tomb.]]
Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors and considered them to be supernatural.<ref name="mygoguryeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mygoguryeo.net/history01.htm|title=The Pride History of Korea|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528113348/http://www.mygoguryeo.net/history01.htm|archive-date=2007-05-28}}{{better source needed|reason=Link is broken, but judging from the URL and title, it looks like this was a questionable source even when it was live.|date=January 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Link is broken, but judging from the URL and title, it looks like this was a questionable source even when it was live.|date=January 2018}} [[Dongmyeong of Goguryeo|Jumong]], the founder of Goguryeo, was worshipped and respected among the people. There was even a [[Temple of King Dongmyeong|temple]] in [[Pyongyang]] dedicated to Jumong. At the annual Dongmaeng Festival, a religious rite was performed for Jumong, ancestors, and gods.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Mythical beasts and animals were also considered to be sacred in Goguryeo. The [[Fenghuang]] and [[Loong]] were both worshipped, while the [[Three-legged crow|Sanzuwu]], the three-legged crow that represented the sun, was considered the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythical beasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

They also believed in the '[[Four Symbols|Sasin]]', which were 4 mythical animals. [[Azure Dragon|Chungryong]] or Chunryonga (blue dragon) guarded the east, [[White Tiger (mythology)|baek-ho]] (white tiger) guarded the west, [[Vermilion Bird|jujak]] (red phoenix (bird)) guarded the south, and [[Black Tortoise|hyunmu]] (black turtle, sometimes with snakes for a tail) guarded the north.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

[[Buddhism]] was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372.<ref name="Harv|ScienceView|Unknown year">{{Harv|ScienceView}}</ref> The government recognized and encouraged the teachings of Buddhism and many monasteries and shrines were created during Goguryeo's rule, making Goguryeo the first kingdom in the region to adopt Buddhism. However, Buddhism was much more popular in [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]], which Goguryeo passed Buddhism to.<ref name="Harv|ScienceView|Unknown year"/>

[[Buddhism]], a religion originating in what is now [[India]], was transmitted to [[Korea]] via [[China]] in the late 4th century.<ref name="autogenerated13">{{cite web|title=Buddhist Sculpture |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530145726/http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm |archive-date=30 May 2010 |access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> The [[Samguk yusa]] records the following 3 monks among first to bring the [[Buddhist]] teaching, or [[Dharma]], to [[Korea]]: [[Malananta]] (late 4th century) – an [[India]]n [[Buddhist]] monk who brought Buddhism to [[Baekje]] in the southern [[Korea|Korean peninsula]], [[Shandao|Sundo]] – a Chinese monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea, and [[Ado (monk)|Ado]] monk who brought Buddhism to [[Silla]] in central Korea.<ref>"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in ''Samguk yusa'' III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178–179.</ref>

''[[Xian (Taoism)|Xian]]'' and [[Taoism|Taoists]] seeking to become immortals were thought to aid in [[Fortune-telling|fortune telling]] and [[divination]] about the future.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Amore |first1=Roy C. |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |last2=Hussain |first2=Amir |last3=Narayanan |first3=Vasudha |last4=Singh |first4=Pashaura |last5=Vallely |first5=Anne |last6=Woo |first6=Terry Tak-ling |last7=Nelson |first7=John K. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-542676-2 |editor-last=Oxtoby |editor-first=Willard Gurdon |edition=3rd |location=Donn Mills, Ontario |pages=317 |author-link2=Amir Hussain |author-link3=Vasudha Narayanan |author-link4=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |editor-last2=Amore |editor-first2=Roy C.}}</ref>

===Cultural legacy===
[[File:Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ssireum]] depicted on Goguryeo mural]]
As the Three Kingdoms period emerged, each Korean state sought ideologies that could validate their authority. Many of these states borrowed influences from Chinese culture, sharing a writing system that was originally based on Chinese characters. However the language was different and not mutually intelligible with Chinese. An integral part of Goguryeo's culture, along with other Korean states, was Korean shamanism. In the 4th century, Buddhism gained wide prominence in Baekje and spread rapidly across the peninsula. Buddhism struck a careful balance between shamanism, the Korean people, and the rulers over these states, briefly becoming the official religion of all three kingdoms. Buddhism's foothold in the Korean peninsula would surge up to the Goryeo period and would spread rapidly into Yamato Japan, playing a key role in the neighboring state's development and its relations with the Korean peninsula.

In Baekje, King Onjo founded the kingdom and according to legend, he is the third son of Jumong of Goguryeo and the younger brother of King Yuri, Goguryeo's second king. The Korean Kingdoms of Balhae and Goryeo regarded themselves as successors to Goguryeo, recognized by Tang China and Yamato Japan.

[[Goguryeo art]], preserved largely in tomb paintings, is noted for the vigour and fine detail of its imagery. Many of the art pieces have an original style of painting, depicting various traditions that have continued throughout Korea's history.

Cultural legacies of Goguryeo are found in modern Korean culture, for example: [[Korean fortress]], [[ssireum]],<ref>[http://ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~ssi/Introduction/History/history.html History of Ssireum], Korea Ssireum Research Institute</ref> [[taekkyeon]],<ref>[http://www.koreataekwondo.org/KTA_ENG/html/ency/intro01_1.asp Historical Background Of Taekwondo] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120906043117/http://www.koreataekwondo.org/KTA_ENG/html/ency/intro01_1.asp |date=2012-09-06 }} Korea Taekwondo Association</ref><ref>[http://www.wtf.org/site/about_taekwondo/history/ancient.htm The Origin of Taekwondo], The World Taekwondo Federation</ref> [[Korean dance]], [[ondol]] (Goguryeo's floor heating system) and the [[hanbok]].<ref>[[#Harv|Brown 2006]], p. 18</ref>