Editing Glass (section)

== Uses ==
=== Architecture and windows ===
{{Main|Architectural glass|Window}}
Soda–lime [[Plate glass|sheet glass]] is typically used as a transparent [[glazing in architecture|glazing]] material, typically as [[window]]s in external walls of buildings. Float or rolled sheet glass products are cut to size either by [[Scoring (industrial process)|scoring]] and snapping the material, [[laser cutting]], [[Water jet cutter|water jets]], or [[diamond blade|diamond-blade]]d saw. The glass may be thermally or chemically [[Tempered glass|tempered]] (strengthened) for [[safety glass|safety]] and bent or curved during heating. Surface coatings may be added for specific functions such as scratch resistance, blocking specific wavelengths of light (e.g. [[infrared]] or [[ultraviolet]]), dirt-repellence (e.g. [[self-cleaning glass]]), or switchable [[Electrochromism|electrochromic]] coatings.<ref name="Weller12">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXXTAAAAQBAJ&q=glass%20in%20buildings&pg=PA1|title=Glass in Building: Principles, Applications, Examples|last1=Weller|first1=Bernhard|last2=Unnewehr|first2=Stefan|last3=Tasche|first3=Silke|last4=Härth|first4=Kristina|year=2012|pages=1–19|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-0346-1571-6}}</ref>

Structural glazing systems represent one of the most significant architectural innovations of modern times, where glass buildings now often dominate the [[skyline]]s of many modern [[cities]].<ref name="glass-times">{{cite web|url=https://glasstimes.co.uk/featured-articles/the-rise-of-glass-buildings/ |title=The rise of glass buildings |work=Glass Times|date=9 January 2017 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> These systems use stainless steel fittings countersunk into recesses in the corners of the glass panels allowing strengthened panes to appear unsupported creating a flush exterior.<ref name="glass-times" /> Structural glazing systems have their roots in iron and [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|glass conservatories]] of the nineteenth century<ref name="Patterson">{{cite book|title=Structural Glass Facades and Enclosures|last=Patterson|first=Mic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsqi2jdH7ecC&pg=PT29|publisher=Jon Wiley & Sons|year=2011|pages=29|isbn=978-0-470-93185-1}}</ref>

=== Tableware ===
{{Main|Tableware|List of glassware}}
Glass is an essential component of tableware and is typically used for water, [[Beer glassware|beer]] and [[wine glass|wine]] drinking glasses.<ref name="glassalliance" /> Wine glasses are typically [[stemware]], i.e. goblets formed from a bowl, stem, and foot. Crystal or [[Lead glass|Lead crystal]] glass may be cut and polished to produce decorative drinking glasses with gleaming facets.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lead, glass and the environment |first1=Michael|last1=Hynes|first2=Bo|last2=Jonson|year=1997|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=26|issue=2|page=145|doi=10.1039/CS9972600133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/cut-glass|title=Cut glass &#124; decorative arts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Other uses of glass in tableware include [[decanters]], [[jug]]s, [[Plate (dishware)|plates]], and [[bowl]]s.<ref name="glassalliance" />
<gallery mode="nolines">

File:Jubilee Campus MMB «62 Melton Hall Christmas Dinner.jpg|Wine glasses and other glass tableware
File:British dimpled glass pint jug with ale.jpg|Dimpled glass beer pint jug
File:Crystal glass.jpg|[[Cut glass|lead crystal cut glass]]
File:Decanter and Stopper LACMA 56.35.29a-b.jpg|A glass [[decanter]] and [[Bung|stopper]]
</gallery>

=== Packaging ===
{{Main|Container glass}}
The inert and impermeable nature of glass makes it a stable and widely used material for food and drink packaging as [[glass bottle]]s and [[jar]]s. Most [[container glass]] is [[soda–lime glass]], produced by [[Glass production#Forming process|blowing and pressing]] techniques. Container glass has a lower [[magnesium oxide]] and [[sodium oxide]] content than flat glass, and a higher [[silica]], [[calcium oxide]], and [[aluminum oxide|aluminium oxide]] content.<ref name=seward>"High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005, {{ISBN|1-57498-225-7}}</ref> Its higher content of water-insoluble oxides imparts slightly higher [[chemical durability]] against water, which is advantageous for storing beverages and food. Glass packaging is sustainable, readily recycled, reusable and refillable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feve.org/about-glass/|title=Why choose Glass?|website=FEVE}}</ref>

For electronics applications, glass can be used as a substrate in the manufacture of [[integrated passive devices]], [[thin-film bulk acoustic resonator]]s, and as a [[hermetic seal]]ing material in device packaging,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=P. |last2=et |first2=al. |title=2018 19th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT) |chapter=Design and Fabrication of Glass-based Integrated Passive Devices |doi=10.1109/ICEPT.2018.8480458 |year=2018 |pages=59–63 |isbn=978-1-5386-6386-8 |s2cid=52935909 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Letz |first1=M. |last2=et |first2=al. |title=2018 IEEE 68th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) |chapter=Glass in Electronic Packaging and Integration: High Q Inductances for 2.35 GHZ Impedance Matching in 0.05 mm Thin Glass Substrates |doi=10.1109/ECTC.2018.00167 |year=2018 |pages=1089–1096 |isbn=978-1-5386-4999-2 |s2cid=51972637 }}</ref> including very thin solely glass based encapsulation of integrated circuits and other semiconductors in high manufacturing volumes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lundén |first1=H. |last2=et |first2=al. |title=Proceedings of the 5th Electronics System-integration Technology Conference (ESTC) |chapter=Novel glass welding technique for hermetic encapsulation |year=2014 |doi=10.1109/ESTC.2014.6962719 |pages=1–4 |isbn=978-1-4799-4026-4 |s2cid=9980556 }}</ref>

=== Laboratories ===
{{Main|Laboratory glassware}}
Glass is an important material in scientific laboratories for the manufacture of experimental apparatus because it is relatively cheap, readily formed into required shapes for experiment, easy to keep clean, can withstand heat and cold treatment, is generally non-reactive with many [[reagent]]s, and its transparency allows for the observation of chemical reactions and processes.<ref name="Zumdahl">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qgZBQAAQBAJ&q=laboratory%20glassware&pg=PT10|last=Zumdahl|first=Steven|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|title=Lab Manual|pages=ix–xv|isbn=978-1-285-69235-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/science-under-glass|title=Science Under Glass|date=29 July 2015|website=National Museum of American History|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310090831/https://americanhistory.si.edu/science-under-glass|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Laboratory glassware]] applications include [[Laboratory flask|flasks]], [[Petri dish]]es, [[test tube]]s, [[pipette]]s, [[graduated cylinder]]s, glass-lined metallic containers for chemical processing, [[fractionation column]]s, glass pipes, [[Schlenk line]]s, [[Gauge (instrument)|gauges]], and [[thermometer]]s.<ref name="BASUDEB">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T838DAAAQBAJ&q=uses%20of%20glass&pg=PA5|title=Functional Glasses and Glass-Ceramics: Processing, Properties and Applications|pages=3–5|year=2017|last=Basudeb|first=Karmakar|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-0-12-805207-5}}</ref><ref name="Zumdahl" /> Although most standard laboratory glassware has been mass-produced since the 1920s, scientists still employ skilled [[glassblower]]s to manufacture bespoke glass apparatus for their experimental requirements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/science-under-glass/scientific-glassblowing |title=Scientific Glassblowing &#124; National Museum of American History |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |date=2012-12-17 |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311145518/https://americanhistory.si.edu/science-under-glass/scientific-glassblowing |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery mode="nolines">

File:Vigreux column lab.jpg|A Vigreux [[Fractionating column|column]] in a laboratory setup
File:Double vac line front view.jpg|A [[Schlenk line]] with four ports
File:Different types of graduated cylinder- 10ml, 25ml, 50ml and 100 ml graduated cylinder.jpg|[[Graduated cylinder]]s
File:250 mL Erlenmeyer flask.jpg|Erlenmeyer [[Laboratory flask|flask]]
</gallery>

=== Optics ===
Glass is a ubiquitous material in [[optics]] because of its ability to [[Refraction|refract]], [[Reflection (physics)|reflect]], and [[Transmittance|transmit]] light. These and other optical properties can be controlled by varying chemical compositions, thermal treatment, and manufacturing techniques. The many applications of glass in optics include [[glasses]] for eyesight correction, imaging optics (e.g. [[lens]]es and [[mirror]]s in [[telescope]]s, [[microscope]]s, and [[camera]]s), [[fibre optics]] in [[telecommunications]] technology, and [[Photonic integrated circuit|integrated optics]]. [[Microlens]]es and [[gradient-index optics]] (where the [[refractive index]] is non-uniform) find application in e.g. reading [[optical disc]]s, [[laser printer]]s, [[photocopier]]s, and [[laser diode]]s.<ref name=Bach12 />

=== Modern Art ===
{{Main|Studio glass|Art glass|Glass art}}
The 19th century saw a revival in ancient glassmaking techniques including [[cameo glass]], achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire, initially mostly for pieces in a [[neoclassicism|neo-classical]] style. The [[Art Nouveau]] movement made great use of glass, with [[René Lalique]], [[Émile Gallé]], and [[Daum (studio)|Daum of Nancy]] in the first French wave of the movement, producing coloured vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass or [[lustre glass]] techniques.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art of Glass: Art Nouveau to Art Deco |last=Arwas |first=Victor |year=1996 |pages=1–54 |publisher=Papadakis Publisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZsuJ90UAtIC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-1-901092-00-4}}</ref>

[[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] in America specialised in [[stained glass]], both secular and religious, in panels and his famous lamps. The early 20th century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as [[Waterford Crystal|Waterford]] and [[Lalique]]. Small studios may hand-produce glass artworks. Techniques for producing glass art include [[glassblowing|blowing]], kiln-casting, fusing, slumping, [[pâte de verre]], flame-working, hot-sculpting and cold-working. Cold work includes traditional stained glass work and other methods of shaping glass at room temperature. Objects made out of glass include vessels, [[paperweight collecting|paperweights]], [[marbles]], [[bead]]s, sculptures and [[installation art]].<ref name="V&A A-Z">{{cite web |title=A-Z of glass |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-z-of-glass |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
Image:Portland Vase BM Gem4036 n5.jpg|The [[Portland Vase]], Roman [[cameo glass]], about 5–25 AD
File:Medallion St Demetrios Louvre OA6457.jpg|Byzantine [[cloisonné enamel]] plaque of [[St Demetrios]], c. 1100, using the ''senkschmelz'' or "sunk" technique
File:Gallé, nancy, vaso clematis, 1890-1900.JPG|[[Émile Gallé]], Marquetry glass vase with clematis flowers (1890–1900)
File:Vase (Perruches) by René Jules Lalique, 1922, blown four mold glass - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04355.JPG|Glass vase by [[Art Nouveau]] artist [[René Lalique]]
File:Clara driscoll per tiffany studios, lampada laburnum, 1910 ca. 02.jpg|[[Clara Driscoll (glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]] [[Tiffany lamp]], [[laburnum]] pattern, c. 1910
File:Glass.sculpture.kewgardens.london.arp.jpg|A glass sculpture by [[Dale Chihuly]], ''The Sun'', at the "Gardens of Glass" exhibition in Kew Gardens, London
File:GlassFlowers1HMNH.jpg|The [[Glass Flowers]] by [[Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka]], exhibited at the [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]]
</gallery>