Editing Glasgow (section)

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture in Glasgow}}
[[File:Mitchell Library at night - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Established by wealthy tobacco merchant Stephen Mitchell, the [[Mitchell Library]] is now one of the largest public reference libraries in Europe.]]

The city has many amenities for a wide range of cultural activities, from [[curling]] to opera and ballet and from [[Association football|football]] to art appreciation; it also has a large selection of museums that include those devoted to transport, religion, and [[modern art]]. Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 1990 when Glasgow was designated [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/looking-back-glasgows-year-european-17528905 |title=Looking back at Glasgow's year as European Capital of Culture 30 years on |date=10 January 2020 |last=Williams |first=Craig |work=GlasgowLive |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027084700/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/looking-back-glasgows-year-european-17528905 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city's principal municipal library, the [[Mitchell Library]], has grown into one of the largest public reference [[library|libraries]] in Europe, currently housing some 1.3&nbsp;million books, an extensive collection of newspapers and thousands of photographs and [[map]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/17877/Page-not-found |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914110213/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Library_Services/The_Mitchell/historymitchell.htm |url-status=dead |date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2010 |website=www.glasgow.gov.uk |title=History of the Mitchell}}</ref>
Of academic libraries, [[Glasgow University Library]] started in the 15th century and is one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe, with unique and distinctive collections of international status.<ref>''The University of Glasgow Library: Friendly Shelves'', published in 2016 {{ISBN|978-0993518508}} [http://www.friendsofgul.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009022151/https://friendsofgul.org/|date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

Most of Scotland's national arts organisations are based in Glasgow, including [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], [[National Theatre of Scotland]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Scottish Youth Theatre]].

Glasgow has its own "[[Poet Laureate]]", a post created in 1999 for [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Hancox |first=John |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html |title=Glasgow's first poet laureate |website=Avenue |access-date=9 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007181932/http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html |archive-date=7 October 2006}}</ref> and occupied by [[Liz Lochhead]] from 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/liz-lochhead |title=Liz Lochhead |website=The British Council |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102032024/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/liz-lochhead |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> until 2011, when she stood down to take up the position of Scots Makar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liz Lochhead appointed as makar, Scotland's national poet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/19/liz-lochhead-makar-scotland-national-poet |website=The Guardian |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218183155/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/19/liz-lochhead-makar-scotland-national-poet |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jim Carruth was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate for Glasgow in 2014 as part of the 2014 Commonwealth Games legacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Provost announces appointment of new Poet Laureate for Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/books-poetry/lord-provost-announces-appointment-of-new-poet-laureate-for-glasgow.1405607580 |website=Herald Scotland |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] declared Glasgow to be the most vegan-friendly city in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last=McQueen |first=Craig |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-awarded-unlikely-title-britains-2162879 |title=Glasgow awarded unlikely title of Britain's most vegan friendly city by animal activists |website=Daily Record |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511034134/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-awarded-unlikely-title-britains-2162879 |archive-date=11 May 2014}}</ref>

===Recreation===
{{See also|Glasgow Festivals}}
Glasgow is home to major theatres including the [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]], the [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|King's Theatre]], [[Pavilion Theatre (Glasgow)|Pavilion Theatre]] and the [[Citizens Theatre]] and home to many museums and art galleries, the largest and most famous being the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Burrell Collection]], and the [[Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow|Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA). Most of the museums and galleries in Glasgow are publicly owned and free to enter.

The city has hosted many exhibitions over the years from the 1888 International Exhibition and 1901 International Exhibition to the Empire Exhibition 1938, including more recently The Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, being the UK City of Architecture 1999, [[European Capital of Culture]] 1990, National City of Sport 1995–1999 and European Capital of Sport 2003. Glasgow has also hosted the [[Royal National Mòd|National Mòd]] no less than twelve times since 1895.<ref name=SMO>[http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ List of Mod's places] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115062253/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ |date=15 January 2013}} for each year on [[Sabhal Mòr Ostaig]] website</ref>

In addition, unlike the older and larger [[Edinburgh Festival]] (where all Edinburgh's main festivals occur in the last three weeks of August), Glasgow's festivals fill the calendar. Festivals include the [[Glasgow International Comedy Festival]], [[Glasgow International|Glasgow International Festival of Visual Art]], [[Glasgow International Jazz Festival]], [[Celtic Connections]], [[Glasgow Fair]], [[Glasgow Film Festival]], [[West End Festival]], [[Merchant City Festival]], [[Glasgay! Festival|Glasgay]], and the [[World Pipe Band Championships]].

===Music scene===
{{see also|List of bands from Glasgow}}
[[File:Ovo Hydro and SEC Armadillo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[OVO Hydro]] arena (right) is the second-busiest arena venue in the world. The [[SEC Armadillo]] is located to its left<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgows-sse-hydro-named-worlds-17445199 |title=Glasgow's SSE Hydro named world's second busiest arena venue |first=Craig |last=Williams |date=19 December 2019 |website=GlasgowLive |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122225149/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgows-sse-hydro-named-worlds-17445199 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The city is home to numerous orchestras, ensembles and bands including those of [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and related to the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], the [[National Youth Orchestra of Scotland]] and the Universities and Colleges. Choirs of all type are well supported.
Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]], the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], [[Glasgow Cathouse]], The Art School, [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] (where [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul [[Alan McGee]]), the [[Queen Margaret Union]] (who have [[Kurt Cobain]]'s footprint locked in a safe), [[Barrowland Ballroom|the Barrowland]], a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as [[The Garage, Glasgow|The Garage]], which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include [[O2 ABC Glasgow|ABC]], destroyed in the art school fire of 15 June 2018, and the [[O2 Academy Glasgow|O<sub>2</sub> Academy]], which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars, which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |title=SLTN Awards |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161754/http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth "most musical" city by [[PRS for Music]].<ref name="mirror.co.uk">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Richard |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |title=Bristol named Britain's most musical city |website=Daily Mirror |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083821/http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Glasgow is also the "most mentioned city in the UK" in song titles, outside London according, to a chart produced by PRS for music, with 119, ahead of closest rivals Edinburgh who received 95 mentions<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |title=Glasgow 'most mentioned UK city' in song titles |work=BBC News |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718042639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the 1980s, the success of bands such as [[The Blue Nile (band)|The Blue Nile]], [[Gun (band)|Gun]], [[Simple Minds]], [[Del Amitri]], [[Texas (band)|Texas]], [[Hipsway]], [[Love & Money]], [[Idlewild (band)|Idlewild]], [[Deacon Blue]], [[Orange Juice (band)|Orange Juice]], [[Lloyd Cole and the Commotions]], [[Teenage Fanclub]], [[Belle and Sebastian]], [[Camera Obscura (band)|Camera Obscura]], [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Mogwai]], [[Travis (band)|Travis]], and [[Primal Scream]] has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine to liken Glasgow to [[Detroit]] during its 1960s [[Motown]] heyday.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seenan |first=Gerard |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |work=The Guardian |title=Rock bands inspire Belle epoque for Glasgow scene |access-date=9 July 2007 |date=4 September 2004 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025306/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Artists to achieve success from Glasgow during the 2000s and 2010s include [[The Fratellis]], [[Chvrches]], [[Rustie]], [[Vukovi]], [[Glasvegas]] and [[Twin Atlantic]]. The city of Glasgow was appointed a [[UNESCO]] City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the [[Creative Cities Network]].

[[File:16-11-15-Straßenszene Glasgow-RR2 7200.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]]]]

Glasgow's contemporary dance music scene has been spearheaded by [[Slam (band)|Slam]], and their record label [[Soma Quality Recordings]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/942/Slam_Glasgow_funerals_beat_Edinburgh_weddings |title=InTheMix.com.au |publisher=InTheMix.com.au |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109031357/http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/942/Slam_Glasgow_funerals_beat_Edinburgh_weddings |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> with their Pressure club nights attracting DJs and clubbers from around the world; these nights were hosted by [[The Arches (Glasgow)|The Arches]] but moved to [[Sub Club]] after the closure of the former in 2015, also taking place at the SWG3 arts venue. The Sub Club has regularly been nominated as one of the best clubs in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://djmag.com/top100clubs/2008 |title=Top 100 Clubs 2008|access-date=25 January 2023 |publisher=[[DJ Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/932|title=RA Club Awards: Best Club|website=Resident Advisor}}</ref>

The [[MOBO Awards]] were held at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]] on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first city outside London to host the event since its launch in 1995. On 9 November 2014, Glasgow hosted the [[2014 MTV Europe Music Awards]] at [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]], it was the second time Scotland hosted the show since 2003 in Edinburgh and overall the fifth time that the United Kingdom has hosted the show since 2011 in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]. The event was hosted by [[Nicki Minaj]] and featured performances from [[Ariana Grande]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[U2]] and [[Slash (musician)|Slash]].

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Glasgow}}
[[File:BBC Scotland 2.JPG|thumb|[[Pacific Quay]] is the home of the headquarters of Scotland's main broadcaster, [[BBC Scotland]], based at [[BBC Pacific Quay]]]]
[[File:The Herald Building, 145-195 (Odd Nos) Albion Street, Glasgow, 2018-06-28 angle.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'' building on Albion Street]]

There has been a considerable number of films made about Glasgow or in Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow at the Moving Image Archive |url=http://movingimage.nls.uk/search?search_term=glasgow&videoAccess=r |website=Moving Image Archive |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182906/http://movingimage.nls.uk/search?search_term=glasgow&videoAccess=r |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV (TV network)|STV]] have their headquarters in Glasgow. Television programs filmed in Glasgow include ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'', ''[[Taggart (series)|Taggart]]'', ''[[Tutti Frutti (1987 TV series)|Tutti Frutti]]'', ''[[High Times (TV series)|High Times]]'', ''[[River City]]'', ''[[City Lights (1984 TV series)|City Lights]]'', ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'', ''[[Still Game]]'', ''[[Limmy's Show]]'' and ''[[Lovesick (TV series)|Lovesick]]''. Most recently,{{When|date=September 2024}} the long-running series ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' and the early-evening quiz programme ''[[Eggheads (TV series)|Eggheads]]'' moved its production base to the city. Most National Lottery game shows are also filmed in Glasgow. Children's game show ''[[Copycats]]'' is filmed there, and the Irish/UK programme ''[[Mrs. Brown's Boys]]'' is filmed at BBC Scotland.

The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as ''[[The Evening Times]]'', ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', ''[[Sunday Herald|The Sunday Herald]]'', the ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' and the ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]''. Scottish editions of [[Trinity Mirror]] and [[News International]] titles are printed in the city. [[STV Group (Scotland)|STV Group]] is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, and publishing advertising. STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded [[STV (TV network)|STV]]. Glasgow also had its own television channel, [[STV Glasgow]], which launched in June 2014, which also shows some of Glasgow's own programs filmed at the STV headquarters in Glasgow. Shows included ''The Riverside Show'', ''Scottish Kitchen'', ''City Safari'', ''Football Show'' and ''Live at Five''. STV Glasgow merged with STV Edinburgh to form STV2 in April 2017 which eventually closed in June 2018.

Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. [[BBC Radio Scotland]], the national radio broadcaster for Scotland, is located in the BBC's Glasgow headquarters alongside its [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal|Gaelic-language sister station]], which is also based in [[Stornoway]]. [[Bauer Radio]] owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow: [[Clyde 1]] and [[Greatest Hits Radio Glasgow & The West]], which can reach more than 2.3&nbsp;million listeners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland |title=Scottish Radio Statistics |publisher=Allmediascotland.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109043017/http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> In 2004, STV Group plc (then known as SMG plc) sold its 27.8% stake in [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] to the broadcasting group [[EMAP]] for £90.5&nbsp;million. Other stations broadcasting from Glasgow include [[Smooth Scotland]], [[Heart Scotland]], which are owned by [[Global Media & Entertainment|Global]]. Global Radio's Central Scotland radio station [[Capital Scotland]] also broadcasts from studios in Glasgow. [[Nation Radio Scotland]], owned by [[Nation Broadcasting]], also broadcasts from the city. The city has a strong [[community radio]] sector, including [[Celtic Music Radio]], [[Subcity Radio]], Radio Magnetic, [[Sunny Govan Radio]], AWAZ FM and Insight Radio.

===Language===
Glasgow is Scotland's main locus of [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] language use outside the [[Highlands and Islands]]. In 2011, 5,878 residents of the city over age 3 spoke Gaelic, amounting to 1.0% of the population. Of Scotland's 25 largest cities and towns, only [[Inverness]], the unofficial capital of the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]], has a higher percentage of Gaelic speakers.<ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html 2011 Scotland Census] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html |date=4 June 2014}}, Locality Table QS211SC.</ref> In the [[Greater Glasgow]] area there were 8,899 Gaelic-speakers, amounting to 0.8% of the population.<ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html 2011 Scotland Census] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html |date=4 June 2014}}, Settlement Table QS211SC.</ref> Both the Gaelic language television station [[BBC Alba]] and the Gaelic language radio station [[BBC Radio nan Gàidheal]] have studios in Glasgow, their only locations outside the [[Highlands and Islands]].<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk/scotland.html Inside the BBC] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803040013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk/scotland.html |date=3 August 2014}}", British Broadcasting Corporation, 21 November 2011, viewed 9 June 2014.</ref>

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture in Glasgow|List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow}}
[[File:The Armadillo - geograph.org.uk - 2961293.jpg|thumb|right|The design of the [[SEC Armadillo]] is inspired by Glasgow's shipbuilding history, with flat sheet material cladded to framed hulls<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Armadillo |url=https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/sec-armadillo |publisher=Foster + Partners |access-date=16 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century [[Provand's Lordship]] and 13th-century [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]], although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. Also in the 15th century began the building of [[Cathcart Castle]], completed {{Circa|1450}} with a view over the landscape in all directions. It was at this castle [[Mary Queen of Scots]] supposedly spent the night before her defeat at the [[Battle of Langside]] in May 1568. The castle was demolished in 1980 for safety reasons. The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of [[Victorian architecture]]: the [[Glasgow City Chambers]]; the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]; and the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], designed by [[John William Simpson (architect)|Sir John W. Simpson]], are notable examples.

The city is notable for architecture designed by the [[Glasgow School]], the most notable exponent of that style being [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the main exponent of [[Art Nouveau]] in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the [[Glasgow School of Art]], [[Willow Tearooms]] and the [[Scotland Street School Museum]]. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church]], the only church by the renowned artist to be built.<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 Watch video of the church] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605023607/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 |date=5 June 2009}} and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director</ref>

Another architect who has had an enduring impact on the city's appearance is [[Alexander Thomson]], with notable examples including the [[Holmwood House]] villa, and likewise Sir [[John James Burnet]], awarded the R.I.B.A.'s Royal Gold Medal for his lifetime's service to architecture. The buildings reflect the wealth and self-confidence of the residents of the "Second City of the Empire". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The [[shipyard]]s, [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]], steel making, and [[heavy industry]] all contributed to the growth of the city.

[[File:Riverside Museum (30244146743).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Riverside Museum]] situated on the banks of the River Clyde]]

Many of the city's buildings were built with red or blond [[sandstone]], but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the [[Furnace (house heating)|furnace]]s, until the [[Clean Air Act 1956|Clean Air Act]] was introduced in 1956. There are more than 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over {{Convert|1,471|ha|acre}}. Such areas include the Central Area, Dennistoun, the West End, Pollokshields – the first major planned garden suburb in Britain – Newlands and the village of Carmunnock.<ref>Glasgow City Council Planning Department reports</ref>

Modern buildings in Glasgow include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], and along the banks of the Clyde are the [[Glasgow Science Centre]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], whose [[Clyde Auditorium]] was designed by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Sir Norman Foster]], and is colloquially known as the "[[Armadillo]]". In 2004 [[Zaha Hadid]] won a competition to design the new [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |title=Museum of Transport Glasgow |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Glasgow Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222033628/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the [[Riverside Museum]] to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/riverside-museum/ |title=Riverside Museum: Scotland's museum of transport and travel |access-date=8 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Glasgow's historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |title=Glasgow: Scotland with style&nbsp;– City of Reinvention By Nancy McLardie |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113012733/http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> winning the accolade over [[Liverpool]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |title=Glasgow City Council: Regeneration&nbsp;– into the new Millennium |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526235624/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |archive-date=26 May 2009}}</ref>