Editing Flight attendant (section)

==Roles in emergencies==
Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) and other aviation authorities view flight attendants as essential for safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121 aircraft operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.391 |title=14 CFR 121.391 – Flight attendants. &#124; US Law &#124; LII / Legal Information Institute |publisher=Law.cornell.edu |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083413/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.391 |url-status=live}}</ref> Studies, some done in light of the [[1985 Manchester Airport disaster]] (British Airtours Flight 28M), have concluded that assertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuation of aeroplanes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/aug/44-47.pdf |title=Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate |publisher=casa.gov.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822140626/http://casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/aug/44-47.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2006/pdf/grant_20040239.pdf |title=Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management |publisher=atsb.gov.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913154209/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2006/pdf/grant_20040239.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2006}}</ref> Notable examples of cabin crew actions include:

===11 September 2001===
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The role of flight attendants received heightened prominence after the [[September 11 attacks]] when flight attendants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles of [[United Airlines Flight 93]]; Robert Fangman of [[United Airlines Flight 175]]; Renee May of [[American Airlines Flight 77]]; and [[Betty Ong]] and [[Madeline Amy Sweeney]] of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]) actively attempted to protect passengers from assault, and also provided vital information to [[air traffic controller]]s on the [[aircraft hijacking|hijackings]], as did many passengers.<ref name="FAH">{{cite web |url=http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,50102,00.html |title=Flight attendant history 10 |publisher=united.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130135620/http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,50102,00.html |archive-date=30 November 2006}}</ref>

In the wake of these attacks, many flight attendants at major airlines were laid off because of decreased passenger loads.<ref name="FAH" />

===Other emergencies===
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* In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aided survivors after the crash of [[TWA Flight 1]], then walked {{cvt|4|mi}} through a snowstorm to find help, before returning to the crash scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grahama |first=Frederick |date=7 January 1940 |title=Winged Hostess: The girl on the plane may also be a heroine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/07/archives/winged-hostess-the-girl-on-the-plane-may-also-be-a-heroine.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=117 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170643/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/07/archives/winged-hostess-the-girl-on-the-plane-may-also-be-a-heroine.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848531-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514221121/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848531-1,00.html |archive-date=14 May 2011|title=Transport: On Cheat Mountain |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=20 April 1936 |access-date=19 April 2011}}</ref>
* Senior Purser [[Neerja Bhanot]] saved the lives of passengers and crew when [[Pan Am Flight 73]] was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children from the terrorists. After her death she received the Special Courage Award from the [[United States Department of Justice]] and India's highest civilian honour for bravery, the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]].
* Naila Nazir, Pakistani flight attendant (employee of [[Pakistan International Airlines]]) who received 1985's [[Flight Safety Foundation]] (FSF) Heroism Award for her brave handling of tense and dangerous situation during the 13 days of the [[Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326|Flight PK-326 hijacking]] ordeal.<ref name="Oneheckofafight">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofpia.com/hijackings.htm/|title=History of PIA|date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720054137/http://www.historyofpia.com/hijackings.htm|archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="FSF Heroism Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.flightsafety.org/hero.html/|title=FSF Heroism Award|date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714013543/http://www.flightsafety.org/hero.html|archive-date=14 July 2009}}</ref>
* [[1985 Manchester Airport disaster]] (British Airtours Flight 28M), the two forward flight attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, repeatedly crawled into the smoke filled and burning cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and were subsequently awarded the [[King's Gallantry Medal|Queen's Gallantry Medal]]. The two rear flight attendants, Sharon Ford and Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors but were overwhelmed by fire and smoke were awarded the same medal posthumously.
* [[Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751]], when cabin crew recognised an emergency landing was imminent and commanded the passengers to "bend down&nbsp;... hold your knees" to adopt the [[brace position]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home3.inet.tele.dk/stefan-g/STEFANBOG.pdf |title=Det gælder dit liv! |publisher=home3.inet.tele.dk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113909/http://home3.inet.tele.dk/stefan-g/STEFANBOG.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref>
* [[Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529]], whose sole flight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergency briefings, brace and evacuation commands to the passengers when the [[Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia]] aircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/1996/AAR9606.pdf |title=NTSB Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 529 |publisher=ntsb.gov |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083407/https://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/1996/AAR9606.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[BOAC Flight 712]], where a flight attendant, [[Barbara Jane Harrison]], died saving passengers from an on-board fire and was posthumously awarded the [[George Cross]].
* [[British Airways Flight 5390]], in which a flight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost through a cockpit window that had failed.
* [[Southern Airways Flight 242]], on which the cabin crew provided safety briefings to their passengers, and on their own initiative, warned passengers of the impending crash by commanding passengers to adopt the brace position. At least one flight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2001/may/16-19.pdf |title=Am I alive? |publisher=casa.gov.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106175910/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2001/may/16-19.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2007}}</ref>
* [[Air Florida Flight 90]], in which Kelly Duncan, the lone surviving flight attendant, passed the only life vest she could find to a passenger. She is recognised in the NTSB report for this "unselfish act".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf |title=Full NTSB Accident Report |publisher=amelia.db.erau.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817013255/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2008}}</ref>
* TWA flight attendant [[Uli Derickson]] who protected passengers during the [[TWA Flight 847]] hijacking by assisting with negotiation efforts.
* [[TWA Flight 843]], when a TWA [[Lockheed L-1011 Tristar]] aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight attendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants, evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of life. The NTSB in their after accident report noted, "The performance of the flight attendants during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency evacuation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf |title=NTSB Report |publisher=airdisaster.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113908/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twaflight843.com/ |title=TWA Flight 843 |publisher=twaflight843.com |access-date=6 January 2007 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126221848/http://www.twaflight843.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* On [[British Airways Flight 2069]], cabin crew stopped the plane from being crashed by a [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]] passenger.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1092642.stm |title=Crew's training saved terror flight |publisher=news.bbc.co.uk |date=29 December 2000 |access-date=15 January 2007 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1092642.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Crew on [[American Airlines Flight 63 (2001)|American Airlines Flight 63]] prevented shoe bomber [[Richard Reid]] from blowing up the plane.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1725627.stm |title=Explosives scare forces down plane |publisher=news.bbc.co.uk |date=23 December 2001 |access-date=15 January 2007 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115094430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1725627.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Flight attendants on [[QantasLink Flight 1737]] prevented their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with mental health issues. Two of them were taken to hospital with stab wounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/29/1054177673194.html |title=Heroes foil Qantas hijack attack |newspaper=theage.com.au |location=Melbourne |date=30 May 2003 |access-date=15 January 2007 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526224018/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/29/1054177673194.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Aloha Airlines Flight 243]] suffered a decompression which tore an {{cvt|18|ft}} section of [[fuselage]] away from the plane. The only fatality was flight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the aeroplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown violently to the floor during the decompression but, despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle reassuring passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://starbulletin.com/2005/12/22/features/story05.html |title=243 is horrific Aloha flight story |publisher=starbulletin.com |access-date=15 January 2007 |archive-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730225734/http://starbulletin.com/2005/12/22/features/story05.html}}</ref>
* Flight attendants on [[Air Canada Flight 797]] (Sergio Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specifically taught in training such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the fire and smoke, and passing out towels for passengers to cover their nose and mouths with while the cabin was filling with smoke. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind.
* [[US Airways]] flight attendant Richard DeMary helped to evacuate surviving passengers and another crew member from the burning wreckage of [[USAir Flight 1016]], which crashed during a go-around in adverse weather conditions after a failed landing attempt at [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/dc9crash.pdf |title=Training saves lives |website=www.casa.gov.au |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621010435/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/dc9crash.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2006}}</ref>
* Flight attendants on [[US Airways Flight 1549]] successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft within 90 seconds even though the rear was rapidly filling with water.
* Nine cabin crew members aboard [[Air France Flight 358]] successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90 seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]. The NTSB stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed to the 100% survival rate.
* The flight attendants of [[Philippine Airlines Flight 434]] kept the passengers calm after a bomb exploded during the flight from [[Cebu]] to [[Tokyo]]. Though one passenger was killed during the explosion, they took care of the injured passengers.
* Paul Hayes, the director of air safety at Ascend, a British-based aviation consultancy, told [[Reuters]], "The cabin crew (of [[2024 Haneda Airport runway collision|Japan Airlines Flight 516]]) must have done an excellent job. It was a miracle that all the passengers got off considering the wreckage shown in many images.<ref name="ueno">{{cite web |last1=Rich |first1=Motoko |last2=Ueno |first2=Hisako |last3=Soto |first3=Kaly |last4=Bubola |first4=Emma |name-list-style=and |date=2 January 2024 |title=Plane Explodes in Flames While Landing at Airport in Tokyo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/world/asia/tokyo-haneda-plane-fire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102191422/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/world/asia/tokyo-haneda-plane-fire.html |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

One exception was the accident on [[Air Canada Flight 797]], when the investigative board found that "misleading" reports about the fire by the flight attendant in charge "influenced the captain's decision to delay the initiation of a descent", and that such "delay increased the time for the fire to propagate and the time that passengers were exposed to the toxic environment before the aeroplane could be evacuated". The accident killed 23 passengers; none of the flight attendants sustained any injuries. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind.