Editing Fish farming (section)

== Indoor fish farming ==
Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality.<ref>(Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003).</ref>

One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through [[aquaponics]], such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants<ref>(Corpron and Armstrong, 1983)</ref> and denitrification.<ref>(Klas et al., 2006)</ref> Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged. The environmental impact of larger indoor fish farming system will be linked to the local infrastructure, and water supply. Areas which are more drought-prone, indoor fish farms might flow out wastewater for watering agricultural farms, reducing the water affliction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-future-of-fish-farming-may-be-indoors/|title=The Future of Fish Farming May Be Indoors|last=Poppick|first=Laura|website=Scientific American|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

From 2011, a team from the [[University of Waterloo]] led by Tahbit Chowdhury and Gordon Graff examined vertical RAS aquaculture designs aimed at producing protein-rich fish species.<ref>{{cite news |last= Whyte |first= Murray |title= Is high rise farming in Toronto's future? |newspaper= [[Toronto Star]] |date= 2008-07-27 |url= https://www.thestar.com/article/468023 |access-date= 2008-08-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/06/sky_farm_propos.php |title=Sky Farm Proposed for Downtown Toronto |publisher=TreeHugger |access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref> However, because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal production, specific pathogen-free animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. As such, research and design work by Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be currently impractical, some limited successful implementation of RAS has occurred with high-value product such as [[barramundi]], [[sturgeon]], and live tilapia in the US,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianafishfarming.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=72 |title=Recirculating Aquaculture Systems |date=March 2, 2012 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302110652/http://www.indianafishfarming.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=72 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fish Farming Recirculating systems | date=4 March 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbArW16qQAM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426203205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbArW16qQAM |archive-date=26 April 2016 |via=www.youtube.com |access-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianafishfarming.com/Wheaton.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011154640/http://www.indianafishfarming.com/Wheaton.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mitpsc.mit.edu/outreach/landing.php?id=67 |title=MIT Outreach Database - Aquaculture in the Classroom |date=June 26, 2010 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626101238/http://mitpsc.mit.edu/outreach/landing.php?id=67 |archive-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/isees/MarineBrief/hotlink1.htm |title=Marine GMO Briefs-Issue One-Hotlinks |date=October 25, 2009 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025064526/http://fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/isees/MarineBrief/hotlink1.htm |archive-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[eel]]s and [[catfish]] in the Netherlands, [[trout]] in Denmark<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Martins | first1 = C. I. M. | last2 = Eding | first2 = E. H. | last3 = Verdegem | first3 = M. C. J. | last4 = Heinsbroek | first4 = L. T. N. | last5 = Schneider | first5 = O. | last6 = Blancheton | first6 = J. P. | last7 = d'Orbcastel | first7 = E. R. | last8 = Verreth | first8 = J. A. J. | doi = 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002 | title = New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability | journal = Aquacultural Engineering | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 83–93 | year = 2010 | bibcode = 2010AqEng..43...83M | url= http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00021/13190/10273.pdf| access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> and [[salmon]] is planned in Scotland<ref>Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013) [http://www.scotsman.com/scotland-on-sunday/business/sea-change-as-farm-grows-fish-on-land-1-2734685 Sea-change as farm grows fish on land] The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> and Canada.<ref>Shore, Randy (17 November 2012) [https://vancouversun.com/news/metro/salmon-farming-comes-ashore-in-land-based-aquaculture Salmon farming comes ashore in land-based aquaculture] The Vancouver Sun, Retrieved 21 February 2013</ref>