Editing Fallacy (section)

== Intentional fallacy ==
Sometimes a speaker or writer uses a fallacy intentionally. In any context, including academic debate, a conversation among friends, political discourse, advertising, or comedic purposes, the arguer may use fallacious reasoning to try to persuade the listener or reader, by means other than offering relevant evidence, that the conclusion is true.

Examples of this include the speaker or writer:<ref name="Shewan">{{Cite book |last=Shewan |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22s9JWeHJbAC&pg=PA92 |title=Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication |publisher=Christian Liberty Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-930367-28-9 |edition=2nd |chapter=Soundness of Argument |access-date=February 22, 2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22s9JWeHJbAC&pg=PA84}}</ref>

# Diverting the argument to unrelated issues with a [[Red herring#Logical fallacy|red herring]] (''[[Ignoratio elenchi]]'')
# Insulting someone's character ([[Ad hominem|''argumentum ad hominem'']])
# Assuming the conclusion of an argument, a kind of [[circular reasoning]], also called "[[begging the question]]" (''petitio principii'')
# Making jumps in logic ([[Non sequitur (logic)|''non sequitur'']])
# Identifying a false cause and effect (''[[post hoc ergo propter hoc]]'')
# Asserting that everyone agrees (''[[argumentum ad populum]]'', [[Bandwagon effect|bandwagoning]])
# Creating a [[false dilemma]] (either-or fallacy) in which the situation is oversimplified, also called ''false dichotomy''
# Selectively using facts ([[card stacking]])
# Making false or misleading comparisons ([[false equivalence]] or [[false analogy]])
# Generalizing quickly and sloppily ([[hasty generalization]]) (''[[secundum quid]]'')
# Using an argument's connections to other concepts or people to support or refute it, also called "guilt by association" ([[association fallacy]])
# Claiming that a lack of proof counts as proof ([[Argument from ignorance|appeal to ignorance]])

In humor, errors of reasoning are used for comical purposes. Groucho Marx used fallacies of [[amphiboly]], for instance, to make ironic statements; [[Gary Larson]] and [[Scott Adams]] employed fallacious reasoning in many of their cartoons. Wes Boyer and Samuel Stoddard have written a humorous essay teaching students how to be persuasive by means of a whole host of informal and formal fallacies.<ref name="How to Be Persuasive">{{Cite web |last1=Boyer |first1=Web |last2=Stoddard |first2=Samuel |title=How to Be Persuasive |url=http://www.rinkworks.com/persuasive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727043805/http://www.rinkworks.com/persuasive/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=December 5, 2012 |website=Rink Works}}</ref>

When someone uses logical fallacies intentionally to mislead in academic, political, or other high-stakes contexts, the breach of trust calls into question [[Ethos|the authority and intellectual integrity of that person]].<ref>Habick, Timothy, and Linda Cook. (2018) AICPA Test Development Fairness Guidelines. Association of International Certified Public Accounts, Ewing, NJ.{{page needed |date=December 2016}}<!-- Where does one find this citation? --></ref>