Editing European Court of Human Rights (section)

===Impact===
ECtHR rulings have expanded the protection of human rights in every signatory country. Notable rights secured include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights#/ |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brems |editor1-first=Eva |editor2-last=Gerards |editor2-first=Janneke |title=Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-72969-8 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 2]]: [[right to life]] including the abolition of [[capital punishment]], and effective investigation of deaths in custody and due to [[domestic violence]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Right to Life |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/right-to-life |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Stephen |title=Lethal Force, the Right to Life and the ECHR: Narratives of Death and Democracy |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-2954-2 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 3]]: freedom from [[torture]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yildiz |first=Ezgi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/between-forbearance-and-audacity/57974CDB48407A366C4F698C9E636C6E |title=Between Forbearance and Audacity: The European Court of Human Rights and the Norm against Torture |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-10004-5 |doi=10.1017/9781009103862}}</ref> and ill-treatment, ending [[police brutality]] and excessively poor conditions in prisons,<ref>{{cite web |title=Torture and Ill-treatment |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/torture-and-ill-treatment |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>[https://strasbourgobservers.com/category/by-topic/prohibition-of-torture/ Strasbourg Observers]</ref> banning [[forced sterilization]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Priti |title=Forced sterilization of women as discrimination |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=2017 |volume=38 |page=15 |doi=10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9 |pmid=29450087 |issn=0301-0422 |pmc=5809857 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 4]]: Article 4 cases have resulted in the criminalization of [[forced labor]] and [[human trafficking]] in several countries<ref>{{cite web |title=Slavery and Human Trafficking |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/slavery-and-human-trafficking |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dembour |first1=Marie-Bénédicte |title=When Humans Become Migrants: Study of the European Court of Human Rights with an Inter-American Counterpoint |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966784-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 5]]: [[liberty]] and security, such as ending excessive [[pretrial detention]] that resulted in innocent people jailed for years<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberty |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/liberty |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ruggeri |editor1-first=Stefano |title=Liberty and Security in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-trial Precautionary Measures in Criminal Proceedings |date=2012 |publisher=V&R unipress GmbH |isbn=978-3-89971-967-3 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 6]]: [[right to a fair trial]], including quashing [[wrongful convictions]], limiting the length of judicial proceedings to avoid unfair delays, and securing judicial impartiality<ref>{{cite web |title=Right to a Fair Trial |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/right-to-a-fair-trial |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goss |first1=Ryan |title=Criminal Fair Trial Rights: Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78225-496-6 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 8]]: 
**[[Right to privacy]], which has included limits on wiretapping and [[decriminalization of homosexuality]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Privacy |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/privacy |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>''[[Dudgeon v United Kingdom]]'', ''[[Modinos v. Cyprus]]'', ''[[Norris v. Ireland]]''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bratic |first1=Catherine |title=A Comparative Approach to Understanding Developments in Privacy Rights in the European Court of Human Rights |journal=Columbia Journal of European Law |date=2012–2013 |volume=19 |pages=341}}</ref>
**[[Right to family life]], including ending child custody regimes which discriminated against men, LGBT people, and religious minorities<ref>{{cite web |title=Family |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/family |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iliadou |first1=Marianna |title=Surrogacy and the ECtHR: Reflections on Paradiso and Campanelli v Italy |journal=Medical Law Review |date=2019 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=144–154 |doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwy002|pmid=29481609 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhry |first1=Shazia |last2=Herring |first2=Jonathan |title=European Human Rights and Family Law |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84731-744-5 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 9]]: [[freedom of conscience]] and [[Freedom of religion|religion]] including [[conscientious objection]], right to [[proselytize]], undue burdens on exercise of religion, state interference in religious organizations<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of Religion |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/freedom-of-religion |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fokas |editor1-first=Effie |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=James T. |title=The European Court of Human Rights and Minority Religions: Messages Generated and Messages Received |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-95440-5 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 10]]: [[freedom of expression]] protections, including quashing of [[defamation laws]] that prohibited expressing unflattering opinions or imposed excessive penalties, protection for [[whistleblowers]] and journalists who exposed political corruption or criticized the government<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of speech |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/freedom-of-speech |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ajevski |first1=Marjan |title=Freedom of Speech as Related to Journalists in the ECtHR, IACtHR and the Human Rights Committee – a Study of Fragmentation |journal=Nordic Journal of Human Rights |date=2014 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=118–139 |doi=10.1080/18918131.2014.897797|s2cid=146169905 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/51679/3/51679.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://oro.open.ac.uk/51679/3/51679.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 11]]: [[freedom of association]] and [[peaceful assembly]], such as the right to organize [[pride parades]] and political demonstrations<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of Assembly |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/freedom-of-assembly |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salát |first1=Orsolya |title=The Right to Freedom of Assembly: A Comparative Study |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78225-986-2 |language=en}}</ref>
*Article 14 and [[Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights|Protocol 12]]: right to equal treatment, such as ruling against forms of [[institutional racism]] against [[Romani people]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Equality |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/equality |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cashman |first1=Laura |title=New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic |journal=Race Ethnicity and Education |date=2017 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=595–608 |doi=10.1080/13613324.2016.1191698|s2cid=148370419 |url=http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14699/3/14699.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14699/3/14699.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Protocol 1, Article 1: [[property rights]], including restoration of property illegally confiscated by the state and fair compensation for [[expropriation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Property |url=https://www.coe.int/web/impact-convention-human-rights/property |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=4 September 2020|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadurski |first1=Wojciech|author-link=Wojciech Sadurski |title=Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-163108-5 |language=en}}</ref>