Editing Equestrianism (section)

===Types and severity of injury===
In [[Canada]], a 10-year study of trauma center patients injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%).<ref name="ball-2007">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Ball CG, Ball JE, Kirkpatrick AW, Mulloy RH | title = Equestrian injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years of major traumatic injuries
| journal = [[American Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 193
| issue = 5
| pages = 636–40
|date=May 2007
| pmid = 17434372
| doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.01.016
}}</ref> A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared to other sports, but when they occur they are severe. Specifically, they found that 40% of horse riding injuries were fractures, and only 15% were sprains. Furthermore, the study noted that in Germany, one quarter of all sport related fatalities are caused by horse riding.<ref name="pmid1793946">{{Cite journal|author=Dittmer H|year=1991|title=The injury pattern in horseback riding|journal=Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie. Supplement. Kongressband. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie. Kongress|pages=466–69|pmid=1793946}}<!--| access-date = 2009-01-14--></ref>
Most horse related injuries are a result of falling from a horse, which is the cause of 60–80% of all such reported injuries.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite journal
| author = R. G. Lloyd
| title = Riding and other equestrian injuries: Considerable severity
| journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]
| volume = 21
| pages = 22–24
|date=March 1987
| pmid = 3580722
| doi = 10.1136/bjsm.21.1.22
| issue = 1
| pmc = 1478604
}}</ref> Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the [[internal organs]]. <!--Maybe move this pregnancy bit down to Perineum paragraph and shorten Perineum section, will flow better--> Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with the percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a [[New Zealand]] study,<ref name="pmid14581953">{{cite journal
| author = Northey G
| title = Equestrian injuries in New Zealand, 1993–2001: knowledge and experience
| journal = N. Z. Med. J.
| volume = 116
| issue = 1182
| page = U601
|date=September 2003
| pmid = 14581953
}}</ref> include:
* Arm fracture or dislocation (31%)
* Head injury (21%)
* Leg fracture or dislocation (15%)
* Chest injury (33%)

Among 36 members and employees of the [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]] who were seen in a trauma center during a period of 5 years, 24 fell from horses and 11 were kicked by the horse. Injuries comprised: 18 torso; 11 head, face or neck; and 11 limb.<ref name="pmid17049524">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Yim VW, Yeung JH, Mak PS, Graham CA, Lai PB, Rainer TH | title = Five year analysis of Jockey Club horse-related injuries presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong
| journal = Injury
| volume = 38
| issue = 1
| pages = 98–103
|date=January 2007
| pmid = 17049524
| doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2006.08.026
}}</ref> The authors of this study recommend that helmets, face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses.<!-- summary per abstract; need to read the article for data re use of these items among the 36 patients -->

In [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], a study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower rate of admission. However, 81% of admissions were wearing a helmet at the time of injury,<ref name="pmid12887517">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Lim J, Puttaswamy V, Gizzi M, Christie L, Croker W, Crowe P | title = Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital
| journal = ANZ Journal of Surgery
| volume = 73
| issue = 8
| pages = 567–71
|date=August 2003
| pmid = 12887517
| doi = 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02707.x
| s2cid = 36834081
}}</ref> In the second half of the study period, of the equestrians seen at a hospital, only 14% were admitted. In contrast, a study of child equestrians seen at a hospital emergency department in [[Adelaide]] reported that 60% were admitted.<ref name="pmid18782209">{{cite journal
| author = Craven JA
| title = Paediatric and adolescent horse-related injuries: does the mechanism of injury justify a trauma response?
| journal = Emergency Medicine Australasia
| volume = 20
| issue = 4
| pages = 357–62
|date=August 2008
| pmid = 18782209
| doi = 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01107.x
| s2cid = 963703
}}</ref>

In the United States, an analysis of [[National Electronic Injury Surveillance System]] (NEISS) data performed by the Equestrian Medical Safety Association studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are the lower trunk (19.6%); head (15.0%); upper trunk (13.4%); shoulder (8.2%); and wrist (6.8%). Within this study patients were treated and released (86.2%), were hospitalized (8.7%), were transferred (3.6%), left without being treated (0.8%), remained for observation (0.6%) and arrived at the hospital deceased (0.1%)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Human injuries related to horses analyzed|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/23699/human-injuries-related-to-horses-analyzed|website=TheHorse.com|access-date=2017-10-28|date=5 July 2009}}</ref>