Editing Emperor (section)

==The Americas==
===Pre-Columbian traditions===
[[File:Moctezuma Xocoyotzin.png|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Moctezuma II]] of the Aztec Empire wearing a [[tilmàtli]]]]
The Aztec and Inca traditions are unrelated to one another. Both were conquered under the reign of King [[Charles I of Spain]] who was simultaneously emperor-elect of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the fall of the Aztecs and fully emperor during the fall of the Incas. Incidentally by being king of Spain, he was also Roman (Byzantine) emperor in pretence through [[Andreas Palaiologos]]. The translations of their titles were provided by the Spanish.

====Aztec Empire====
{{Main|:es:Huey Tlatoani}}
The only [[pre-Columbian]] North American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the ''Huey Tlatoani'' ([[:es:Huey Tlatoani]]) of the Mexica city-states of [[Tenochtitlan]], [[Tlacopan]] and [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], which along with their allies and tributaries are popularly known as the [[Aztec Empire]] (1375–1521). ''Tlatoani'' is a generic Nahuatl word for "speaker"; however, most English translators use "king" for their translation, thus rendering ''huey tlatoani'' as ''great king'' or ''emperor.''<ref>Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p. 3). See also the entry for [http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI "TLAHTOANI"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614183207/http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI|date=2007-06-14}}, in Wimmer (2006).</ref>

The Triple Alliance was an [[elected monarchy]] chosen by the elite. The emperors of Tenochtitlan and Texcoco were nominally equals, each receiving two-fifths of tribute from the vassal kingdoms, whereas the emperor of Tlacopan was a junior member and only received one-fifth of the tribute,{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} due to the fact that Tlacopan was a newcomer to the alliance. Despite the nominal equality, Tenochtitlan eventually assumed a [[de facto]] dominant role in the Empire, to the point that even the emperors of Tlacopan and Texcoco would acknowledge Tenochtitlan's effective supremacy. Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] executed Emperor [[Cuauhtémoc]] and installed puppet rulers who became vassals for Spain.

====Inca Empire====
{{Main|Sapa Inca}}
The only pre-Columbian South American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the ''[[Sapa Inca]]'' of the [[Inca Empire]] (1438–1533). Spanish conquistador [[Francisco Pizarro]], conquered the Inca for Spain, killed Emperor [[Atahualpa]], and installed puppets as well. Atahualpa may actually be considered a usurper as he had achieved power by [[Inca Civil War|killing his half-brother]] and he did not perform the required coronation with the imperial crown ''[[mascaipacha]]'' by the ''Huillaq Uma'' (high priest).

===Post-Columbian Americas===
====Brazil====
{{Main|Emperor of Brazil}}
[[File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]] in full [[Imperial Regalia of Brazil|regalia]] at the opening of the General Assembly, by [[Pedro Américo]]]]
When [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] ordered the invasion of Portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the [[Continental System]], the Portuguese [[House of Braganza|Braganzas]] moved their capital to [[Rio de Janeiro]] to avoid the fate of the [[Spanish Bourbons]] (Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] king). When the French general [[Jean-Andoche Junot]] arrived in [[Lisbon]], the Portuguese fleet had already left with all the local elite.

In 1808, under a British naval escort, the fleet arrived in Brazil. Later, in 1815, the Portuguese Prince Regent (since 1816 [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]]) proclaimed the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]], as a union of three kingdoms, lifting Brazil from its colonial status.

After the fall of Napoleon I and the [[liberal Wars|Liberal revolution]] in Portugal, the Portuguese royal family returned to Europe (1821). Prince Pedro of Braganza (King João's older son) stayed in South America acting as regent of the local kingdom, but, two years later in 1822, he proclaimed himself [[Peter I of Brazil|Pedro I]], first [[Emperor of Brazil]]. He did, however, recognize his father, João VI, as ''Titular Emperor of Brazil'' —a purely honorific title—until João VI's death in 1826.

The empire came to an end in 1889, with the overthrow of [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]] (Pedro I's son and successor), when the [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazilian republic]] was [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|proclaimed]].

Today the headship of the [[Brazilian imperial family|Imperial House of Brazil]] is disputed between two branches of the [[House of Orléans-Braganza]].

====Haiti====
{{Main|Emperor of Haiti}}
[[Haiti]] was declared an empire by its ruler, [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], who made himself Jacques I, on 20 May 1805. He was assassinated the next year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean-Jacques Dessalines|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figure/jean-jacques-dessalines|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Biography|language=en-us}}</ref> Haiti again became an empire from 1849 to 1859 under [[Faustin Soulouque]].

====Mexico====
{{Main|Emperor of Mexico}}
[[File:Emperador Maximiliano I de Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]]]]
In Mexico, the [[First Mexican Empire]] was the first of two empires created. After the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|declaration of independence]] on 15 September 1821, it was the intention of the Mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of Spain, [[Fernando VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], would also be [[Emperor of Mexico]], but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the [[House of Bourbon]] to accede to the Mexican throne.

Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency [[Agustín de Iturbide]] was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on 12 July 1822 as [[Agustín I]]. Agustín de Iturbide was the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, but was overthrown by the [[Plan of Casa Mata]].

In 1863, the invading French, under [[Napoleon III]] (see above), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and [[Mexican nobility|nobility]], helped create the [[Second Mexican Empire]], and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the [[House of Lorraine|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], younger brother of the Austrian Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Josef I]], to become emperor [[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian I of Mexico]]. The childless Maximilian and his consort [[Charlotte of Belgium|Empress Carlota of Mexico]], daughter of [[Leopold I of Belgium]], adopted Agustín's grandsons Agustin and Salvador as his heirs to bolster his claim to the throne of Mexico. Maximilian and Carlota made [[Chapultepec Castle]] their home, which has been the only palace in North America to house sovereigns.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} After the withdrawal of French protection in 1867, Maximilian was captured and executed by the liberal forces of [[Benito Juárez]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title=Mexican Historical Figures: Maximilian I|url=https://weexpats.com/mexican-historical-figures-maximilian/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=WeExpats|language=en-US}}</ref>

This empire led to French influence in the Mexican culture and also [[French Mexican|immigration from France]], Belgium, and Switzerland to Mexico. Maximilian's closest living agnatic relative is [[Karl von Habsburg]], the head of the House of Habsburg.