Editing Economy of Russia (section)

===Primary===

====Energy====
{{Main|Energy in Russia}}
{{See also|List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|List of countries by natural gas exports|List of countries by oil exports|Russia in the European energy sector}}
[[File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif|thumb|Until 2022 Russia was a key [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] supplier to much of Europe.]]
[[File:Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg|thumb|[[Rosneft]] headquarters on the bank of the [[Moskva River]], Moscow]]

The mineral-packed [[Ural Mountains]] and the vast [[fossil fuel]] (oil, gas, [[Coal in Russia|coal]]), and timber reserves of [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]] make Russia rich in natural resources, which dominate Russian exports. Oil and gas exports, specifically, continue to be the main source of [[hard currency]].

Russia has been widely described as an [[energy superpower]];<ref name=":0" /> as it has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|natural gas reserves]],<ref name="gaz"/> the second-largest [[coal reserves]],<ref name=":2" /> the eighth-largest [[oil reserves]],<ref name=":3" /> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref name=":4" /> It is the world's [[List of countries by natural gas exports|leading natural gas exporter]],<ref name=":5" /> the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest natural gas producer]],<ref name=":6" /> the second-largest oil [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]]<ref name=":7" /> and [[List of countries by oil production|producer]],<ref name=":8" /> and the third largest coal exporter.<ref name="Energy Research 2023"/> Fossil fuels cause most of the [[greenhouse gas emissions by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia: greenhouse gas emissions by sector|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1048675/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-russia/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215183811/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1048675/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-russia/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is the world's fourth-largest [[electricity producer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison|title=Electricity – production|work=[[CIA World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093053/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the ninth-largest [[renewable energy producer]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Whiteman|first1=Adrian|last2=Rueda|first2=Sonia|last3=Akande|first3=Dennis|last4=Elhassan|first4=Nazik|last5=Escamilla|first5=Gerardo|last6=Arkhipova|first6=Iana|date=March 2020|title=Renewable capacity statistics 2020|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]]|page=3|location=Abu Dhabi|isbn=978-92-9260-239-0|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013733/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and built the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/|title=June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|first=Tony|last=Long|quote="1954: The first nuclear power plant to be connected to an external grid goes operational in [[Obninsk]], outside of Moscow... The nuclear reactor, used to generate electricity, heralded Obninsk's new role as a major Soviet scientific city, a status it retains in the Russian Federation where it carries the sobriquet of First Russian Science City."|date=27 June 2012|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017133814/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, It was the world's fourth-largest [[Nuclear power by country|nuclear energy producer]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=Nuclear Power Today|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|access-date=8 November 2020|website=www.world-nuclear.org|publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716094103/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian state nuclear conglomerate Rosatom became the dominant actor in international nuclear power markets, training experts, constructing nuclear power plants, supplying fuel and taking care of spent fuel in around the world.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Szulecki |first1=Kacper |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |date=April 2023 |title=Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 |bibcode=2023NatEn...8..413S |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3106595 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Whereas oil and gas were subject to international sanctions after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2023, its nuclear industry was not targeted by sanctions.<ref name=":10" />

In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|title=Нефть со всеми вытекающими|date=27 October 2014|website=www.kommersant.ru|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923054551/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|url-status=live}}</ref> The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,<ref>https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514233219/https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 |date=14 May 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref> but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 16.9% in 2017, 21.1% in 2018, 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. To compare the data obtained using the same methodology, the source provides data for other countries. This is more than the share of GDP in the United States (8%) and Canada (less 10%). This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (13.3%). It is much lower than the share of GDP in the United Arab Emirates (30%) and Saudi Arabia (50%). This assessment did not include, for example, the production of used pumps or specialized education, which should have been included, according to experts.<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011115554/http://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf |date=11 October 2023 }} {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|title=Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП|website=РБК|date=13 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213024/https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020|website=neftegazru.com|date=14 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172407/https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 &#124; NORVANREPORTS.COM &#124; Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World|date=14 July 2021|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709183316/https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|title=Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020|website=OilPrice.com|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506093930/https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia consumes domestically two-thirds of its gas production and a quarter of its oil production while it sells three-quarters of its oil on the world market and Russia's share of the traded world oil market is 17.5% - more than Saudi Arabia's.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ngs55.ru/text/economics/2022/03/12/70503305/ | title=Что происходит с российской нефтью и газом? Разбираемся вместе с экспертами | date=12 March 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618155011/https://ngs55.ru/text/economics/2022/03/12/70503305/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/lishitj-putina-vozmozhnosti-vesti-voynu-/32015884.html | title="Лишить Путина возможности вести войну" | newspaper=Радио Свобода | date=7 September 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618185825/https://www.svoboda.org/a/lishitj-putina-vozmozhnosti-vesti-voynu-/32015884.html | url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, experts note that there are formal and informal part of the rent and the total oil and gas rent in 2023 can be estimated at 24% of Russia's GDP. Michael Alexeyev (son of [[Lyudmila Alexeyeva]]), a professor of economics at [[Indiana University]], notes that the oil and gas taxes reported by the government do not include corporate dividends and the so-called indirect or additional revenues derived from the expenditure of oil and gas rents in the economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vpost-media.ru/opinions/kakuyu-rol-neft-i-gaz-igrayut-v-gosudarstvennom-byudzhete-i-ekonomike | title=Какую роль нефть и газ играют в государственном бюджете и экономике | date=25 October 2022 | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618185825/https://vpost-media.ru/opinions/kakuyu-rol-neft-i-gaz-igrayut-v-gosudarstvennom-byudzhete-i-ekonomike | url-status=live }}</ref> There is also such an indicator as the oil rent (% of GDP), which is published by the World Bank. It is 9.7% for Russia, 14.8% for Kazakhstan, 6.1% for Norway, 23.7% for Saudi Arabia, 15.7% for the United Arab Emirates, 2.8% for Canada and 0.6% for the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU | title=World Bank Open Data | access-date=4 January 2024 | archive-date=4 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104153550/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU | url-status=live }}</ref>

2023 saw a fall in Russia's oil and gas tax revenues of 24% to 8.8 trillion roubles ($99.4 billion) compared to 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's oil and gas budget revenue down 24% in 2023 -finance ministry |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/russias-oil-and-gas-budget-revenue-down-24-in-2023-finance-ministry |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111135936/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/russias-oil-and-gas-budget-revenue-down-24-in-2023-finance-ministry |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mining====
{{main|Mining industry of Russia|Metallurgy of Russia}}
Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. Russia is the largest diamond-producing nation in the world, estimated to produce over 33 million [[Carat (mass)|carats]] in 2013, or 25% of global output valued at over $3.4 billion, with state-owned [[ALROSA]] accounting for approximately 95% of all Russian production.<ref name="Kitco">[http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html|date=21 September 2013}}, ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref>

In 2019, the country was the 3rd world producer of [[gold]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf| title = USGS Gold Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 21 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210621193715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 2nd worldwide producer of [[platinum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf| title = USGS Platinum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 4th worldwide producer of [[silver]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf| title = USGS Silver Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 15 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[copper]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf| title = USGS Copper Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[nickel]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf| title = USGS Nickel Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 16 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210216133809/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| title = USGS Lead Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 15 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf| title = USGS Bauxite Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 26 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210326103425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 10th largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf| title = USGS Zinc Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 2nd worldwide producer of [[vanadium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf|title=USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 2nd largest world producer of [[cobalt]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf| title = USGS Cobalt Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 13 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213074219/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| title = USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 7th largest world producer of [[boron]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| title = USGS Boron Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 18 July 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 9th largest world producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| title = USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 28 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628031218/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 13th largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| title = USGS Tin Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 13 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf| title = USGS Sulfur Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 4th largest world producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf| title = USGS Phosphate Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 2 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502135915/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> 8th largest world producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| title = USGS Gypsum Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> in addition to being the world's 10th largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| title = USGS Salt Production Statistics| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 9 October 2022| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> It was the world's 6th largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html| title = World Uranium Mining| access-date = 28 April 2021| archive-date = 26 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012424/http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx| url-status = dead}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}
[[File:Rostov's region combain.jpg|thumb|A [[combine harvester]] in [[Rostov Oblast]]]]
Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy|title=Russia – Economy|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412055856/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy|url-status=live}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|third-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="CIAWFRS"/> and only 7.4% of its land is [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS|title=Arable land (% of land area)|work=[[The World Bank]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107201125/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS|url-status=live}}</ref> The main product of Russian farming has always been [[grain]], which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing|title=Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|first1=Anatoly|last1=Medetsky|first2=Megan|last2=Durisin|date=23 September 2020|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091535/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the largest producer of [[barley]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272760/barley-harvest-forecast/|title=Global barley producers by country 2020/21|work=[[Statista]]|quote="This statistic provides a forecast of barley production volume worldwide in 2020/2021, by country. In that year, Russia produced about 20.63 million metric tons of barley."|date=8 July 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104355/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272760/barley-harvest-forecast/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[buckwheat]], [[oats]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073550/global-leading-oats-producers/|title=Global leading oats producers 2020|work=[[Statista]]|date=12 November 2020|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104357/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073550/global-leading-oats-producers/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[rye]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/190489/rye-production-in-specified-countries/|title=Top countries in rye production 2019/2020|work=[[Statista]]|date=10 February 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104355/https://www.statista.com/statistics/190489/rye-production-in-specified-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second-largest producer of [[sunflower seed]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbandeh|first=M.|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263928/production-of-sunflower-seed-since-2000-by-major-countries/|title=Sunflower seed production in major countries 2019/20|work=[[Statista]]|quote="Russia is also a major producer of sunflower seeds worldwide, with a production volume of 15.3 million metric tons in 2019/2020."|date=25 February 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104351/https://www.statista.com/statistics/263928/production-of-sunflower-seed-since-2000-by-major-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref> Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref name="climatechange">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html|title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Abrahm|last=Lustgarten|date=16 December 2020|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034549/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans, Russia maintains one of the world's [[Fishing industry by country|largest fishing fleets]], ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing {{convert|4.77|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf|title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2018|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011147/http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also home to the world's finest caviar (the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]]), and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/>