Editing Don Quixote (section)

==Publication==
[[File:Illustration to Don Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes.jpg|thumb|Illustration to ''Don Quixote de la Mancha'' by Miguel de Cervantes (the edition translated by Charles Jarvis)]]
[[File:Don Quixote attacking a puppet theatre.jpg|thumb|upright|Don Quixote. Close-up of illustration]]
[[File:Don Quixote - Engravings by Gustave Doré.jpg|thumb|Collage of the engravings of ''The Adventures of Don Quixote'' by Gustave Doré]]

In July 1604, Cervantes sold the rights of ''El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha'' (known as ''Don Quixote, Part I'') to the publisher-bookseller [[Francisco de Robles]] for an unknown sum.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Mediterranean Studies|volume=11|pages=115–30|language=en|jstor = 41166942|last1 = Clement|first1 = Richard W.|title=Francisco de Robles, Cervantes, and the Spanish Book Trade|year=2002}}</ref> License to publish was granted in September, the printing was finished in December, and the book came out on 16 January 1605.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/bomarch/bomnov05.html |title=Don Quixote |publisher=[[King's College London]] |first=Hugh |last=Cahill |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525180156/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/bomarch/bomnov05.html |archive-date=25 May 2007 }}</ref><ref name="BrO">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cervantes, Miguel de|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}}<br />J. Ormsby, [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/cervantes/c41d/preface1.html "About Cervantes and Don Quixote"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903225311/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/cervantes/c41d/preface1.html |date=3 September 2006 }}</ref>

The novel was an immediate success. Most of the 400 copies of the first [[Edition (book)|edition]] were sent to the [[New World]], with the publisher hoping to get a better price in the Americas.<ref name=Histoire>{{cite magazine |title=Don Quichotte, best-seller mondial |author=Gruzinski, Serge |date=July–August 2007 |magazine=n°322 |page=30 |publisher=[[L'Histoire]] }}</ref> Although most of them disappeared in a shipwreck near [[La Havana]], approximately 70 copies reached [[Lima]], from where they were sent to [[Cuzco]], in the heart of the defunct [[Inca Empire]].<ref name=Histoire/>

No sooner was it in the hands of the public than preparations were made to issue derivative (pirated) editions. In 1614 a fake second part was published by a mysterious author under the pen name Avellaneda. This author was never satisfactorily identified. This rushed Cervantes into writing and publishing a genuine second part in 1615, which was a year before his own death.<ref name=":0" /> ''Don Quixote'' had been growing in favour, and its author's name was now known beyond the [[Pyrenees]]. By August 1605, there were two Madrid editions, two published in Lisbon, and one in [[Valencia]]. Publisher Francisco de Robles secured additional copyrights for [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] and Portugal for a second edition.<ref name="Orm">[[John Ormsby (translator)|Ormsby, J.]] [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/cervantes/c41d/preface1.html "About Cervantes and Don Quixote"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903225311/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/cervantes/c41d/preface1.html |date=3 September 2006 }}</ref>

Sale of these publishing rights deprived Cervantes of further financial profit on ''Part One''. In 1607, an edition was printed in [[Brussels]]. [[Francisco de Robles|Robles]], the Madrid publisher, found it necessary to meet demand with a third edition, a seventh publication in all, in 1608. Popularity of the book in Italy was such that a Milan bookseller issued an Italian edition in 1610. Yet another Brussels edition was called for in 1611.<ref name="BrO" /> Since then, numerous editions have been released and in total, the novel is believed to have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/21-best-sellers1.htm |access-date=28 May 2018 |title=The 21 Best-selling Books of All Time |last=Grabianowski |first=Ed |page=1 |year=2018 |work=[[HowStuffWorks]]}}</ref> The work has been produced in numerous editions and languages, the Cervantes Collection, at the [[State Library of New South Wales]] includes over 1,100 editions. These were collected, by [[Ben Haneman]], over a period of thirty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/research-collections-significant-collections/cervantes-collection|title=Cervantes Collection|date=19 June 2015|website=www.sl.nsw.gov.au|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

In 1613, Cervantes published the ''[[Novelas ejemplares]]'', dedicated to the [[Maecenas]] of the day, the [[Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade|Conde de Lemos]]. Eight and a half years after ''Part One'' had appeared came the first hint of a forthcoming ''Segunda Parte'' (Part Two). "You shall see shortly", Cervantes says, "the further exploits of Don Quixote and humours of Sancho Panza."<ref>See also the introduction to Cervantes, Miguel de (1984) ''Don Quixote'', Penguin p. 18, for a discussion of Cervantes' statement in response to Avellaneda's attempt to write a sequel.</ref> ''Don Quixote, Part Two'', published by the same press as its predecessor, appeared late in 1615, and quickly reprinted in Brussels and Valencia (1616) and Lisbon (1617). Parts One and Two were published as one edition in Barcelona in 1617. Historically, Cervantes' work has been said to have "smiled [[Spanish chivalry|Spain's chivalry]] away", suggesting that Don Quixote as a chivalric satire contributed to the demise of Spanish Chivalry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prestage|first=Edgar| title=Chivalry|url=https://archive.org/details/chivalryseriesof0000pres|url-access=registration|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/chivalryseriesof0000pres/page/110 110]}}</ref>

===English editions in translation===
[[File:Don Quichote And Sancho Panza by Louis Aquetin - Louis Anquetin - ABDAG005120.jpg|thumb|''Don Quichote And Sancho Panza'' by [[Louis Anquetin]]]]

There are many translations of the book, and it has been adapted many times in shortened versions. Many derivative editions were also written at the time, as was the custom of envious or unscrupulous writers. Seven years after the ''Parte Primera'' appeared, ''Don Quixote'' had been translated into French, German, Italian, and English, with the first French translation of 'Part II' appearing in 1618, and the first English translation in 1620. One abridged adaptation, authored by Agustín Sánchez, runs slightly over 150 pages, cutting away about 750 pages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belgrado.cervantes.es/Biblioteca/Fichas/Cervantes.%20Saavedra,%20Miguel%20de%20(1547-1616)_114_58_1.shtml |title=Library catalogue of the Cervantes Institute of Belgrade |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814074311/http://belgrado.cervantes.es/Biblioteca/Fichas/Cervantes.%20Saavedra%2C%20Miguel%20de%20%281547-1616%29_114_58_1.shtml |archive-date=14 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Thomas Shelton (translator)|Thomas Shelton]]'s English translation of the ''First Part'' appeared in 1612 while Cervantes was still alive, although there is no evidence that Shelton had met the author. Although Shelton's version is cherished by some, according to [[John Ormsby (translator)|John Ormsby]] and [[Samuel Putnam]], it was far from satisfactory as a carrying over of Cervantes' text.<ref name="Orm" /> Shelton's translation of the novel's ''Second Part'' appeared in 1620.

Near the end of the 17th century, [[John Phillips (author)|John Phillips]], a nephew of poet [[John Milton]], published what Putnam considered the worst English translation. The translation, as literary critics claim, was not based on Cervantes' text but mostly on a French work by Filleau de Saint-Martin and on notes which Thomas Shelton had written.

Around 1700, a version by [[Pierre Antoine Motteux]] appeared. Motteux's translation enjoyed lasting popularity; it was reprinted as the [[Modern Library]] Series edition of the novel until recent times.<ref name="peabody">Sieber, Harry. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020604104844/http://quixote.mse.jhu.edu/Translation.html "''Don Quixote'' in Translation".] ''The Don Quixote Exhibit'', Tour 2, Chapter 5. George Peabody Library. 1996. Retrieved 26 December 2012.</ref> Nonetheless, future translators would find much to fault in Motteux's version: Samuel Putnam criticized "the prevailing slapstick quality of this work, especially where [[Sancho Panza]] is involved, the obtrusion of the obscene where it is found in the original, and the slurring of difficulties through omissions or expanding upon the text". John Ormsby considered Motteux's version "worse than worthless", and denounced its "infusion of Cockney flippancy and facetiousness" into the original.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://cervantes.tamu.edu/english/ctxt/DonQ-JohnOrmsby/DonQ-JohnOrmsby.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823072058/http://cervantes.tamu.edu/english/ctxt/DonQ-JohnOrmsby/DonQ-JohnOrmsby.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2010 |title=Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, Translated by John Ormsby |chapter=Translator's Preface: About this translation }}</ref>

The proverb "The proof of the pudding is in the eating" is widely attributed to Cervantes. The Spanish word for pudding ({{Lang|es|budín}}), however, does not appear in the original text but premieres in the Motteux translation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proverb "Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating" |date=11 December 2023 |url=http://phrases.org.uk/meanings/proof-of-the-pudding.html}}</ref> In Smollett's translation of 1755 he notes that the original text reads literally "you will see when the eggs are fried", meaning "time will tell".<ref>''Don Quixote'' by Miguel de Cervantes, translated by Tobias Smollett, Introduction and Notes by Carole Slade; Barnes and Noble Classics, New York p. 318</ref>

A translation by Captain [[John Stevens (translator)|John Stevens]], which revised Thomas Shelton's version, also appeared in 1700, but its publication was overshadowed by the simultaneous release of Motteux's translation.<ref name="peabody"/>

In 1742, the [[Charles Jervas]] translation appeared, posthumously. Through a printer's error, it came to be known, and is still known, as "the Jarvis translation". It was the most scholarly and accurate English translation of the novel up to that time, but future translator John Ormsby points out in his own introduction to the novel that the Jarvis translation has been criticized as being too stiff. Nevertheless, it became the most frequently reprinted translation of the novel until about 1885. Another 18th-century translation into English was that of [[Tobias Smollett]], himself a novelist, first published in 1755. Like the Jarvis translation, it continues to be reprinted today.

A translation by Alexander James Duffield appeared in 1881 and another by Henry Edward Watts in 1888. Most modern translators take as their model the 1885 translation by John Ormsby.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Battestin|first=Martin C.|date=1997|title=The Authorship of Smollett's "Don Quixote"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40372067|journal=Studies in Bibliography|volume=50|pages=295–321|jstor=40372067|issn=0081-7600}}</ref>

An expurgated children's version, under the title ''The Story of Don Quixote'', was published in 1922 (available on [[Project Gutenberg]]). It leaves out the risqué sections as well as chapters that young readers might consider dull, and embellishes a great deal on Cervantes' original text. The title page actually gives credit to the two editors as if they were the authors, and omits any mention of Cervantes.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29468/29468-h/29468-h.htm |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story of Don Quixote, by Arvid Paulson, Clayton Edwards, and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=5 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821001827/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29468/29468-h/29468-h.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>

The most widely read English-language translations of the mid-20th century are by [[Samuel Putnam]] (1949), [[J. M. Cohen]] (1950; [[Penguin Classics]]), and [[Walter Starkie]] (1957). The last English translation of the novel in the 20th century was by [[Burton Raffel]], published in 1996. The 21st century has already seen five new translations of the novel into English. The first is by [[John D. Rutherford]] and the second by [[Edith Grossman]]. Reviewing the novel in ''The New York Times'', [[Carlos Fuentes]] called Grossman's translation a "major literary achievement"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/02/books/tilt.html |first=Carlos| last=Fuentes |title=Tilt |work=[[The New York Times]]| date=2 November 2003}}</ref> and another called it the "most transparent and least impeded among more than a dozen English translations going back to the 17th century."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/14/books/books-of-the-times-beholding-windmills-and-wisdom-from-a-new-vantage.html |title=Beholding Windmills and Wisdom From a New Vantage |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 November 2003|first=Richard|last=Eder}}</ref>

In 2005, the year of the novel's 400th anniversary, Tom Lathrop published a new English translation of the novel, based on a lifetime of specialized study of the novel and its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~cervant/csa/artics08/McGraths08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205002729/http://www.h-net.org/~cervant/csa/artics08/McGraths08.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-05 |url-status=live|title=Reviews: ''Don Quixote'' trans. Tom Lathrop|publisher=[[H-Net]]|first=Michael J|last=McGrath|year=2007}}</ref> The fourth translation of the 21st century was released in 2006 by former university librarian James H. Montgomery, 26 years after he had begun it, in an attempt to "recreate the sense of the original as closely as possible, though not at the expense of Cervantes' literary style."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~cervant/csa/artics10/McGrathS10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015185225/http://www.h-net.org/~cervant/csa/artics10/McGrathS10.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-15 |url-status=live|title=Reviews: ''Don Quixote'' trans. James Montgomery|publisher=[[H-Net]]|first=Michael J.|last=McGrath|year=2010}}</ref>

In 2011, another translation by Gerald J. Davis appeared, which is self-published via Lulu.com.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-zBAwAAQBAJ|title=Don Quixote|last=Davis|first=Gerald J.|date=2012|publisher=Lulu Enterprises Incorporated|isbn=978-1105810664|language=en}}</ref> The latest and the sixth translation of the 21st century is Diana de Armas Wilson's 2020 revision of [[Burton Raffel]]'s translation.