Editing Deer (section)

===Economic===

[[File:Warring States Bronze Deer 1b.jpg|thumb|Bronze deer, [[Warring States period]]]]
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as [[venison]], is highly nutritious.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kralj |first1=Richard Andrew |url=https://extension.psu.edu/venison-is-it-for-you|title=Venison, Is It For You?|website=Penn State Extension|date=September 2014|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blythman |first1=Joanna |last2=Sykes |first2=Rosie |title=Why venison is good for you {{!}} Joanna Blythman and Rosie Sykes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/28/venison-deer-meat-health-heart-benefits |work=The Guardian |date=September 2013 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> It can be obtained responsibly through the process of hunting deer in their natural habitat. Domestically, it is produced in small amounts compared to [[beef]], but still represents a significant trade. Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that can provide the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of [[Hunting license|licenses, permits and tags]]. The 2006 survey by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.<ref name="Ref_d">{{cite web|url=http://library.fws.gov/pubs/nat_survey2006_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://library.fws.gov/pubs/nat_survey2006_final.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Conservation laws prevent the sale of unlicensed wild game meat, although it may be donated.

[[File:Mavrogheni trasura cerbi.jpg|left|thumb|[[Nicholas Mavrogenes]], [[Phanariotes|Phanariote]] [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince]] of [[Wallachia]], riding through [[Bucharest]] in a stag−drawn carriage. Late 1780s]]
Deer have often been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded.<ref name=ea/> By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The [[Sami people|Sami]] of Scandinavia and the [[Kola Peninsula]] of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Others are bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Laskow |first1=Sarah |title=Antler Farm |url=https://medium.com/re-form/antler-farm-dbd3ba1ec3f2 |website=[[Medium (service)]] |access-date=28 August 2014|date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burden|first1=Dan|date=June 2012|title=Deer Venison Ranching Profile|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/livestock/deer-venison-ranching-profile/|access-date=11 April 2016|publisher=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420142405/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/livestock/deer-venison-ranching-profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5&nbsp;million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1&nbsp;billion in property damage annually.<ref name="Ref_c">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/AUTOS/11/14/deer_crash/index.html |date=14 November 2006 |title=Worst states for auto-deer crashes |publisher=CNN.com |access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref> In Scotland, several roads including the [[A82 road|A82]], the [[A87 road|A87]] and the [[A835 road|A835]] have had significant enough problems with ''deer vehicle collisions'' (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/C301114.pdf|title=North West Area: Vehicle Activated Deer Warning Signs|publisher=[[Transport Scotland]]|id=07/NW/0805/046|date=April 2010|access-date=11 July 2013|journal=|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316083756/http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/C301114.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Roe deer fur skin (leather side).jpg|thumb|243x243px|Leather side of a [[roe deer]] hide]]
The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as [[Buckskin (leather)|buckskin]]. There is nothing special about skins with the fur still on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hooves and antlers are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the [[roe deer]], which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk antlers is often employed in making knife handles. Among the [[Inuit]], the traditional ''[[ulu]]'' women's knife was made with an antler or ivory handle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inuit Bering Sea Eskimo Walrus Ivory and Iron Semi-Lunar Knife 'Ulu' (1800 to 1900 Inuit)|url=https://www.finch-and-co.co.uk/antiquities/d/inuit-bering-sea-eskimo-walrus-ivory-and-iron-semi-lunar-knife-ulu/51906|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180601/http://www.finch-and-co.co.uk/antiquities/d/inuit-bering-sea-eskimo-walrus-ivory-and-iron-semi-lunar-knife-ulu/51906|url-status=dead}}</ref> In China, a [[traditional chinese medicine]] is made from stag antler, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet".<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Deer}}</ref> Antlers can also be boiled down to release the protein gelatin, which is used as a topical treatment for skin irritation and is also used in cooking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kawtikwar|first=Pravin|date=2010|title=Deer antlers- Traditional use and future perspectives|journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge|volume=9|pages=245–251}}</ref>

Since the early 20th century, deer have become commonly thought of as pests in New Zealand due to a lack of predators on the island causing population numbers to increase and begin encroaching on more populated areas. They compete with livestock for resources, as well as cause excess erosion and wreak havoc on wild plant species and agriculture alike. They can also have an effect on the conservation efforts of other plant and animal species, as they can critically offset the balance within an environment by drastically depleting diversity within forests.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nugent|first1=G.|last2=Fraser|first2=K. W.|date=1993-10-01|title=Pests or valued resources? Conflicts in management of deer|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=20|issue=4|pages=361–366|doi=10.1080/03014223.1993.10420359|issn=0301-4223|doi-access=free}}</ref>