Editing Cycling (section)

===Saddle related===
Much work has been done to investigate optimal [[bicycle saddle]] shape, size and position, and negative effects of extended use of less than optimal seats or configurations.

Excessive saddle height can cause [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] knee pain, while setting the saddle too low can cause pain in the [[anterior]] of the knee. An incorrectly fitted saddle may eventually lead to muscle imbalance. A 25 to 35-degree knee angle is recommended to avoid an overuse injury.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nationalpti.edu/blog/2015/07/avoiding-repetitive-knee-injuries-while-riding-a-bike/ |title=Avoid Repetitive Knee Injuries While Riding A Bike |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713225220/http://nationalpti.edu/blog/2015/07/avoiding-repetitive-knee-injuries-while-riding-a-bike/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although cycling is beneficial to health, men can be negatively affected by cycling more than three hours a week due to the significant weight on their perineum, an area located between the scrotum and the anus which hold some of the nerves and arteries that pass to the penis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/men/features/biking-and-erectile-dysfunction-a-real-risk |title=Biking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Real Risk? |last=Valeo |first=Tom |date=11 September 2007 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> This weight for continuous hours a week can cause men to experience numbness or tingling which can lead to them losing the ability to achieve an erection due to reduced blood flow; which 13% of males did experience in a study by Norwegian researchers who gathered data from 160 men participating in a long-distance bike tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2018/feb/16/does-cycling-really-damage-mens-sexual-organs |title=Does Cycling Really Damage Men's Sexual Organs? |last=Brown |first=Jessica |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> Fitting a proper sized seat can prevent this effect.<ref name="bmj.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.g425 |pmid=24524928 |pmc=3923979 |title=Health effects of the London bicycle sharing system: Health impact modelling study |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |pages=g425 |year=2014 |last1=Woodcock |first1=J. |last2=Tainio |first2=M. |last3=Cheshire |first3=J. |last4=O'Brien |first4=O. |last5=Goodman |first5=A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/149268.stm |title=Cycle of despair |work=BBC News |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=12 August 1998}}</ref>{{Unreliable medical source|date=November 2010}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/363070.stm |title=Cycling linked to impotence |work=BBC News |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=7 June 1999}}</ref><ref name="no nose">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00867.x |pmid=18466268 |title=Cutting off the Nose to Save the Penis |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1932–40 |year=2008 |last1=Schrader |first1=Steven M. |last2=Breitenstein |first2=Michael J. |last3=Lowe |first3=Brian D.}}</ref> In extreme cases, [[pudendal nerve entrapment]] can be a source of intractable perineal pain.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00002060-200306000-00013 |year=2003 |last1=Ramsden |first1=Christopher |journal=American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=479–484 |last2=McDaniel |first2=Michael |last3=Harmon |first3=Robert |last4=Renney |first4=Kenneth |last5=Faure |first5=Alexis |pmid=12820792 |title=Pudendal nerve entrapment as source of intractable perineal pain}}</ref> Some cyclists with induced pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy gained relief from improvements in saddle position and riding techniques.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1821826 |year=1991 |last1=Silbert |first1=P. L. |title=Bicycling induced pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy |journal=Clinical and Experimental Neurology |volume=28 |pages=191–6 |last2=Dunne |first2=J. W. |last3=Edis |first3=R. H. |last4=Stewart-Wynne |first4=E. G.}}</ref>

The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) has investigated the potential health effects of prolonged bicycling in police bicycle patrol units, including the possibility that some bicycle saddles exert excessive pressure on the urogenital area of cyclists, restricting blood flow to the genitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bike/ |title=NIOSH -Bicycle Saddles and Reproductive Health |access-date=10 October 2007 |publisher=United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}</ref> Their study found that using bicycle seats without protruding noses reduced pressure on the groin by at least 65% and significantly reduced the number of cases of urogenital paresthesia. A follow-up found that 90% of bicycle officers who tried the no-nose seat were using it six months later. NIOSH recommends that riders use a no-nose bicycle seat for workplace bicycling.<ref name ="no nose" /><ref name="impact niosh">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2010-163/ |title=NIOSH Research Demonstrates the Effectiveness of No-Nose Bicycle Seats in Reducing Groin Pressure and Improving Sexual Health (2010-163) |website=CDC – The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) |date=October 2010 |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2010163 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Despite rumors to the contrary, there is no [[scientific evidence]] linking cycling with [[testicular cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/library/TesticlarCancerFactSheet.pdf |title=Testiclar Cancer Fact Sheet |access-date=30 September 2008 |publisher=Monash Institute of Medical Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003171048/http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/library/TesticlarCancerFactSheet.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>