Editing Chinese culture (section)

=== Folding screen ===
[[File:Hofmobiliendepot - Chinesischer Paravent.jpg|thumb|Chinese folding screen used at the Austrian imperial court, 18th century, the [[Imperial Furniture Collection]]]]
{{Main|Folding screen}}
A folding screen ({{zh|s=屏风|t=屏風}}) is a type of free-standing [[furniture]]. It consists of several frames or panels, which are often connected by [[hinge]]s or by other means. It can be made in a variety of designs and with different kinds of materials. Folding screens have many practical and decorative uses. It originated from [[ancient China]], eventually spreading to the rest of East Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world. Screens date back to China during the Eastern [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] period (771–256 BCE).<ref name="handler268">{{cite book|last=Handler|first=Sarah|title=Austere luminosity of Chinese classical furniture|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21484-2|pages=268–271, 275, 277|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EKkblrm6sUC|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223109/https://books.google.com/books?id=-EKkblrm6sUC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mazurkewich">{{cite book|last1=Mazurkewich|first1=Karen|first2=A. Chester|last2=Ong|title=Chinese Furniture: A Guide to Collecting Antiques|year=2006|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-3573-2|pages=144–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xswA02E02KwC|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223033/https://books.google.com/books?id=xswA02E02KwC|url-status=live}}</ref> These were initially one-panel screens in contrast to folding screens.<ref name="needham-v5">{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |author-link1=Joseph Needham |last2=Tsien |first2=Tsuen-hsuin |author-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin |title=Paper and printing, Volume 5 |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223514/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |url-status=live }}</ref> Folding screens were invented during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE).<ref name="lee">{{cite book|last=Lee|first=O-Young|title=Things Korean|year=1999|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-2129-2|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SZtiaK7-0YC|author2=Yi, Ŏ-ryŏng|author3=Holstein, John|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223515/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SZtiaK7-0YC|url-status=live}}</ref> Depictions of those folding screens have been found in Han-era tombs, such as one in [[Zhucheng]], Shandong Province.<ref name="handler268"/>

Folding screens were originally made from wooden panels and painted on [[lacquerware|lacquered]] surfaces, eventually folding screens made from paper or [[silk]] became popular too.<ref name="needham-v5"/> Even though folding screens were known to have been used since [[Ancient history|antiquity]], it became rapidly popular during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907).<ref name="vgulik">{{cite book|last=van Gulik|first=Robert Hans|title=Chinese pictorial art as viewed by the connoisseur: notes on the means and methods of traditional Chinese connoisseurship of pictorial art, based upon a study of the art of mounting scrolls in China and Japan|year=1981|publisher=Hacker Art Books|isbn=978-0-87817-264-1|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqkLAQAAMAAJ|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223519/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqkLAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Tang dynasty, folding screens were considered ideal ornaments for many painters to display their [[Chinese painting|paintings]] and [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]] on.<ref name="mazurkewich"/><ref name="needham-v5"/> Many artists painted on paper or silk and applied it onto the folding screen.<ref name="mazurkewich"/> There were two distinct artistic folding screens mentioned in historical literature of the era. One of it was known as the ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|huaping}}'' ({{zh|c=|l=painted folding screen|s=画屏|t=畫屏}}) and the other was known as the ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|shuping}}'' ({{zh|c=|l=calligraphed folding screen|s=书屏|t=書屏}}).<ref name="needham-v5"/><ref name="vgulik"/> It was not uncommon for people to commission folding screens from artists, such as from Tang-era painter Cao Ba or [[Song dynasty|Song-era]] painter [[Guo Xi]].<ref name="mazurkewich"/> The landscape paintings on folding screens reached its height during the Song dynasty (960–1279).<ref name="handler268"/> The [[lacquerware|lacquer techniques]] for the [[Coromandel screen]]s, which is known as ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|kuǎncǎi}}'' ({{lang|zh-hant|款彩}} "incised colors"),<ref>{{cite book |author=張世南 (Zhang Shi'nan) |title=遊宦紀聞 (yóuhuàn jìwén) |date=1200s |chapter-url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E5%AE%A6%E7%B4%80%E8%81%9E/%E5%8D%B705 |language=zh |chapter=5 |quote={{lang|zh-hant|款謂陰字，是凹入者，刻畫成之}} (''kuǎn'' are inscriptions that are [[intaglio (sculpture)|counter-relief]], achieved by carving) |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120942/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E5%AE%A6%E7%B4%80%E8%81%9E/%E5%8D%B705 |url-status=live }}</ref> emerged during the late [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)<ref>{{cite book|last=Clunas|first=Craig|title=Pictures and visuality in early modern China|year=1997|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-008-5|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q06pemllwx0C|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223517/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q06pemllwx0C|url-status=live}}</ref> and was applied to folding screens to create dark screens incised, painted, and inlaid with art of [[mother-of-pearl]], ivory, or other materials.