Editing Chemotherapy (section)

=== Organ damage ===
[[Cardiotoxicity]] (heart damage) is especially prominent with the use of [[anthracycline]] drugs ([[doxorubicin]], [[epirubicin]], [[idarubicin]], and [[liposomal doxorubicin]]). The cause of this is most likely due to the production of [[free radical]]s in the cell and subsequent [[DNA damage]]. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, are [[cyclophosphamide]], [[docetaxel]] and [[clofarabine]].<ref name="pmid22382639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shaikh AY, Shih JA | title = Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity | journal = Current Heart Failure Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–27 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22382639 | doi = 10.1007/s11897-012-0083-y | s2cid = 35723897 }}</ref>

[[Hepatotoxicity]] (liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself, [[viral hepatitis]], [[immunosuppression]] and [[nutritional deficiency]]. The liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells, [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|hepatic sinusoidal syndrome]] (obstruction of the veins in the liver), [[cholestasis]] (where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) and [[liver fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thatishetty AV, Agresti N, O'Brien CB | title = Chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity | journal = Clinics in Liver Disease | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 671–86, ix–x | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24099024 | doi = 10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11306728">{{cite journal | vauthors = King PD, Perry MC | title = Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy | journal = The Oncologist | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–76 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11306728 | doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.6-2-162 | s2cid = 39518402 | url = http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/6/2/162.full.pdf }}</ref>

[[Nephrotoxicity]] (kidney damage) can be caused by [[tumor lysis syndrome]] and also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may be [[asymptomatic]] (only seen on blood or urine tests) or may cause [[acute kidney injury]].<ref name="pmid16473645">{{cite journal | vauthors = de Jonge MJ, Verweij J | title = Renal toxicities of chemotherapy | journal = Seminars in Oncology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–73 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16473645 | doi = 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.11.011 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15574506">{{cite journal | vauthors = Humphreys BD, Soiffer RJ, Magee CC | title = Renal failure associated with cancer and its treatment: an update | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–61 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15574506 | doi = 10.1681/ASN.2004100843 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Ototoxicity]] (damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness and [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]].<ref name="pmid22547603">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brock PR, Knight KR, Freyer DR, Campbell KC, Steyger PS, Blakley BW, Rassekh SR, Chang KW, Fligor BJ, Rajput K, Sullivan M, Neuwelt EA | display-authors = 6 | title = Platinum-induced ototoxicity in children: a consensus review on mechanisms, predisposition, and protection, including a new International Society of Pediatric Oncology Boston ototoxicity scale | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume = 30 | issue = 19 | pages = 2408–17 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22547603 | pmc = 3675696 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.1110 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19851045">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rybak LP, Mukherjea D, Jajoo S, Ramkumar V | title = Cisplatin ototoxicity and protection: clinical and experimental studies | journal = The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 219 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–86 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19851045 | pmc = 2927105 | doi = 10.1620/tjem.219.177 }}</ref> Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC | title = Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | pages = CD010885 | date = January 2020 | issue = 1 | pmid = 31961948 | pmc = 6984653 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010885.pub5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC | title = Platinum-induced hearing loss after treatment for childhood cancer | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 8 | pages = CD010181 | date = August 2016 | volume = 2019 | pmid = 27486906 | pmc = 6466671 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd010181.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC | title = Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | pages = CD009219 | date = May 2019 | issue = 5 | pmid = 31063591 | pmc = 6504134 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd009219.pub5 }}</ref>