Editing Chardonnay (section)

==Genetic modification==
With the advent of modern gene editing techniques, trials have begun to create transgenic, genetically modified Chardonnay. Some mechanisms of inserting genes or knocking out other genes to potentially change characteristics of the grape have included [[CRISPR-Cas9]] editing, in order to allow modification of gene expression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villette |first1=Jérémy |last2=Lecourieux |first2=Fatma |last3=Bastiancig |first3=Eliot |last4=Héloir |first4=Marie-Claire |last5=Poinssot |first5=Benoit |date=2024-03-18 |title=New improvements in grapevine genome editing: high efficiency biallelic homozygous knock-out from regenerated plantlets by using an optimized zCas9i |journal=Plant Methods |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.1186/s13007-024-01173-8 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4811 |pmc=10949784 |pmid=38500114|bibcode=2024PlMet..20...45V }}</ref> Additional trials have also included work with [[Plasmid|plasmids]] to provide resistance to potential pathogens including both [[bacteria]] and [[Fungus|fungi]]. Such trials have included inserting [[magainin]] for mildew resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=José R. |last2=Kikkert |first2=Julie R. |last3=Malnoy |first3=Mickael A. |last4=Wallace |first4=Patricia G. |last5=Barnard |first5=John |last6=Reisch |first6=Bruce I. |date=2006-02-01 |title=Evaluation of Transgenic 'Chardonnay' (Vitis vinifera) Containing Magainin Genes for Resistance to Crown Gall and Powdery Mildew |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11248-005-4423-5 |journal=Transgenic Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=69–82 |doi=10.1007/s11248-005-4423-5 |pmid=16475011 |issn=1573-9368}}</ref> Similar experimentation has also taken place for cultivars of yeast used for fermenting Chardonnay. By examining the chemicals produced by different strains of yeast during fermentation, flavor of the final wine can be modified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bordet |first1=Fanny |last2=Romanet |first2=Rémy |last3=Bahut |first3=Florian |last4=Ballester |first4=Jordi |last5=Eicher |first5=Camille |last6=Peña |first6=Cristina |last7=Ferreira |first7=Vicente |last8=Gougeon |first8=Régis |last9=Julien-Ortiz |first9=Anne |last10=Roullier-Gall |first10=Chloé |last11=Alexandre |first11=Hervé |date=2023-02-09 |title=Expanding the diversity of Chardonnay aroma through the metabolic interactions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cocultures |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |language=English |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032842 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-302X |pmc=9947296 |pmid=36845971}}</ref> Trials are underway in the US and South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/4763826/GM-grapes-could-cut-the-price-of-Chardonnay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601022836/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/4763826/GM-grapes-could-cut-the-price-of-Chardonnay.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-06-01 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=GM grapes could cut the price of Chardonnay |first=Robert |last=Uhlig |date=2001-05-31 |access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_News&set_id=1&click_id=79&art_id=iol1250098196535B523 |title=Government OKs genetically modified vines |publisher=IOL.co.za |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2011-05-22}}</ref>