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=== Central bank independence indices === Central bank independence indices allow a quantitative analysis of central bank independence for individual countries over time. One central bank independence index is the Garriga CBI,<ref name="Garriga CBI">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1188813|title=Central Bank Independence in the World: A New Data Set|first=Ana Carolina|last=Garriga|date=19 October 2016|journal=International Interactions|volume=42|issue=5|pages=849β868|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/03050629.2016.1188813|s2cid=156704685|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075449/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03050629.2016.1188813|url-status=live}}</ref> where a higher index indicates higher central bank independence, shown below for individual countries. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! Country !! Central bank independence index by Garriga for 2012<ref name="Garriga CBI"/> |- | {{flaglist| Afghanistan |2004}} || 0.8076 |- | {{flaglist| Albania }} || 0.7105 |- | {{flaglist| Algeria }} || 0.4525 |- | {{flaglist| Angola }} || 0.5855 |- | {{flaglist| Antigua & Barbuda }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| Argentina }} || 0.7003 |- | {{flaglist| Armenia }} || 0.8465 |- | {{flaglist| Australia }} || 0.2511 |- | {{flaglist| Austria }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Azerbaijan }} || 0.5715 |- | {{flaglist| Bahamas }} || 0.4038 |- | {{flaglist| Bahrain }} || 0.4334 |- | {{flaglist| Bangladesh }} || 0.3276 |- | {{flaglist| Barbados }} || 0.4133 |- | {{flaglist| Belarus }} || 0.7487 |- | {{flaglist| Belgium }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Belize }} || 0.5930 |- | {{flaglist| Benin }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Bhutan }} || 0.5426 |- | {{flaglist| Bolivia }} || 0.7970 |- | {{flaglist| Bosnia-Herzegovina }} || 0.9790 |- | {{flaglist| Botswana }} || 0.5159 |- | {{flaglist| Brazil }} || 0.2549 |- | {{flaglist| Brunei Darussalam }} || 0.6815 |- | {{flaglist| Bulgaria }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Burkina Faso }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Burundi }} || 0.7232 |- | {{flaglist| Cambodia }} || 0.6373 |- | {{flaglist| Cameroon }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Canada }} || 0.4724 |- | {{flaglist| Cape Verde }} || 0.5180 |- | {{flaglist| Central African Republic }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Chad }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Chile }} || 0.8190 |- | {{flaglist| China }} || 0.5535 |- | {{flaglist| Colombia }} || 0.6933 |- | {{flaglist| Comoros }} || 0.6824 |- | {{flaglist| Democratic Republic of the Congo }} || 0.5628 |- | {{flaglist| Republic of the Congo }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Costa Rica }} || 0.7343 |- | {{flaglist| Croatia }} || 0.8190 |- | {{flaglist| Cuba }} || 0.2252 |- | {{flaglist| Cyprus }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Czech Republic }} || 0.8315 |- | {{flaglist| Denmark }} || 0.5026 |- | {{flaglist| Djibouti }} || 0.6984 |- | {{flaglist| Dominica }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| Dominican Republic }} || 0.6483 |- | {{flaglist| Ecuador }} || 0.4709 |- | {{flaglist| Egypt }} || 0.4875 |- | {{flaglist| El Salvador }} || 0.7576 |- | {{flaglist| Equatorial Guinea }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Eritrea }} || 0.3981 |- | {{flaglist| Estonia }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Ethiopia }} || 0.2913 |- | {{flaglist| Fiji }} || 0.4349 |- | {{flaglist| Finland }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| France }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Gabon }} || 0.5015 |- | {{flaglist| Gambia }} || 0.5119 |- | {{flaglist| Georgia }} || 0.7986 |- | {{flaglist| Germany }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Ghana }} || 0.5607 |- | {{flaglist| Greece }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Grenada }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| Guatemala }} || 0.7825 |- | {{flaglist| Guinea }} || 0.8665 |- | {{flaglist| Guinea-Bissau }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Guyana }} || 0.6383 |- | {{flaglist| Haiti }} || 0.3755 |- | {{flaglist| Honduras }} || 0.6710 |- | {{flaglist| Hungary }} || 0.9115 |- | {{flaglist| Iceland }} || 0.8276 |- | {{flaglist| India }} || 0.2950 |- | {{flaglist| Indonesia }} || 0.8461 |- | {{flaglist| Iran }} || 0.4363 |- | {{flaglist| Iraq }} || 0.3015 |- | {{flaglist| Ireland }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Israel }} || 0.6703 |- | {{flaglist| Italy }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Ivory Coast }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Jamaica }} || 0.3830 |- | {{flaglist| Japan }} || 0.4360 |- | {{flaglist| Jordan }} || 0.4826 |- | {{flaglist| Kazakhstan }} || 0.5574 |- | {{flaglist| Kenya }} || 0.5074 |- | {{flaglist| Korea, Republic of }} || 0.5074 |- | {{flaglist| Kuwait }} || 0.4104 |- | {{flaglist| Kyrgyzstan }} || 0.5736 |- | {{flaglist| Laos }} || 0.2411 |- | {{flaglist| Latvia }} || 0.8865 |- | {{flaglist| Lebanon }} || 0.4000 |- | {{flaglist| Lesotho }} || 0.6810 |- | {{flaglist| Liberia }} || 0.4725 |- | {{flaglist| Libya }} || 0.3225 |- | {{flaglist| Lithuania }} || 0.8440 |- | {{flaglist| Luxembourg }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| North Macedonia |name=Republic of Macedonia}} || 0.6789 |- | {{flaglist| Madagascar }} || 0.6420 |- | {{flaglist| Malawi }} || 0.2865 |- | {{flaglist| Malaysia }} || 0.5765 |- | {{flaglist| Maldives }} || 0.4282 |- | {{flaglist| Mali }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Malta }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Mauritania }} || 0.6360 |- | {{flaglist| Mauritius }} || 0.5609 |- | {{flaglist| Mexico }} || 0.6383 |- | {{flaglist| Moldova }} || 0.6943 |- | {{flaglist| Mongolia }} || 0.5553 |- | {{flaglist| Montenegro }} || 0.8190 |- | {{flaglist| Morocco }} || 0.6219 |- | {{flaglist| Mozambique }} || 0.3663 |- | {{flaglist| Myanmar }} || 0.3953 |- | {{flaglist| Namibia }} || 0.5100 |- | {{flaglist| Nepal }} || 0.6443 |- | {{flaglist| Netherlands }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| New Zealand }} || 0.7773 |- | {{flaglist| Nicaragua }} || 0.6910 |- | {{flaglist| Niger }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Nigeria }} || 0.6263 |- | {{flaglist| Norway }} || 0.4526 |- | {{flaglist| Oman }} || 0.4970 |- | {{flaglist| Pakistan }} || 0.3397 |- | {{flaglist| Panama }} || 0.2176 |- | {{flaglist| Papua New Guinea }} || 0.5838 |- | {{flaglist| Paraguay }} || 0.6171 |- | {{flaglist| Peru }} || 0.7978 |- | {{flaglist| Philippines }} || 0.6340 |- | {{flaglist| Poland }} || 0.8753 |- | {{flaglist| Portugal }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Qatar }} || 0.5861 |- | {{flaglist| Romania }} || 0.8462 |- | {{flaglist| Russian Federation }} || 0.6999 |- | {{flaglist| Rwanda }} || 0.5988 |- | {{flaglist| Saint Lucia }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| Samoa }} || 0.3311 |- | {{flaglist| San Marino }} || 0.1854 |- | {{flaglist| Sao Tome and Principe }} || 0.4820 |- | {{flaglist| Saudi Arabia }} || 0.5522 |- | {{flaglist| Senegal }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Serbia }} || 0.8111 |- | {{flaglist| Serbia and Montenegro }} || 0.6760 |- | {{flaglist| Seychelles }} || 0.6785 |- | {{flaglist| Sierra Leone }} || 0.7248 |- | {{flaglist| Singapore }} || 0.4304 |- | {{flaglist| Slovakia }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Slovenia }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Solomon Islands }} || 0.7448 |- | {{flaglist| Somalia }} || 0.6423 |- | {{flaglist| South Africa }} || 0.3652 |- | {{flaglist| Spain }} || 0.8565 |- | {{flaglist| Sri Lanka }} || 0.6055 |- | {{flaglist| St. Kitts and Nevis }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| St. Vincent and the Grenadines }} || 0.6424 |- | {{flaglist| Sudan }} || 0.3326 |- | {{flaglist| Suriname }} || 0.5139 |- | {{flaglist| Swaziland }} || 0.3734 |- | {{flaglist| Sweden }} || 0.3545 |- | {{flaglist| Switzerland }} || 0.7399 |- | {{flaglist| Syria }} || 0.3715 |- | {{flaglist| Taiwan }} || 0.1940 |- | {{flaglist| Tajikistan }} || 0.6796 |- | {{flaglist| Tanzania }} || 0.5873 |- | {{flaglist| Thailand }} || 0.3815 |- | {{flaglist| Timor-Leste }} || 0.7765 |- | {{flaglist| Togo }} || 0.8015 |- | {{flaglist| Tonga }} || 0.3080 |- | {{flaglist| Trinidad and Tobago }} || 0.4439 |- | {{flaglist| Tunisia }} || 0.5916 |- | {{flaglist| Turkey }} || 0.8990 |- | {{flaglist| Turkmenistan }} || 0.2067 |- | {{flaglist| Tuvalu }} || 0.0063 |- | {{flaglist| Uganda }} || 0.5719 |- | {{flaglist| Ukraine }} || 0.8993 |- | {{flaglist| United Arab Emirates }} || 0.4855 |- | {{flaglist| United Kingdom }} || 0.7012 |- | {{flaglist| United States of America }} || 0.4804 |- | {{flaglist| Uruguay }} || 0.6260 |- | {{flaglist| Uzbekistan }} || 0.5958 |- | {{flaglist| Vanuatu }} || 0.4979 |- | {{flaglist| Venezuela }} || 0.4515 |- | {{flaglist| Vietnam }} || 0.1316 |- | {{flaglist| Yemen }} || 0.5205 |- | {{flaglist| Zambia }} || 0.5240 |- | {{flaglist| Zimbabwe }} || 0.4939 |}
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