Editing Bristol (section)

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Buildings and architecture of Bristol}}
[[File:Kings Weston House, Bristol. The Garden Front. Sir John Vanbrugh, 1712.jpg|thumb|alt=Large, square two-storey house at the end of a dirt path|Garden front of John Vanbrugh's [[Kings Weston House]], Bristol]]
[[File:llandoger.trow.overall.arp.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A seventeenth-century timber-framed building with three gables and a traditional inn sign showing a picture of a sailing barge. Some drinkers sit at benches outside on a cobbled street. Other old buildings are further down the street, and in the background part of a modern office building can be seen.|The [[Llandoger Trow]], a historic Bristol pub]]
Bristol has 51 [[Grade I listed buildings in Bristol|Grade I]],<ref name=gradei /> 500 [[Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol|Grade II*]] and over 3,800 [[Grade II listed buildings in Bristol|Grade II listed]] [[Categories of listed building|buildings]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol City Council: Listed buildings register: Listed buildings |url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/node/352 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106130440/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/node/352 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bristol City Council}}</ref> in a variety of [[architectural]] styles, from [[Medieval architecture|medieval]] to modern. During the mid-19th century [[Bristol Byzantine]], a style unique to the city, was developed, and several examples have survived. Buildings from most [[architectural periods]] of the United Kingdom can be seen in the city. Surviving elements of the fortifications and castle date to the medieval period,{{sfn|Burrough|1970|p=3}} and the Church of St James dates back to the 12th century.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1282067 |desc=Church of St James |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref>

The oldest Grade I listed buildings in Bristol are religious. [[St James' Priory, Bristol|St James' Priory]] was founded in 1129 as a [[Benedictine]] priory by Earl [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Robert]] of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Church of St James |num=1282067 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> The second-oldest is [[Bristol Cathedral]] and its associated [[The Great Gatehouse|Great Gatehouse]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=The Great Gatehouse |num=1202132 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> Founded in 1140 as an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] monastery, the church became the seat of the [[bishop]] and cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol in 1542. Most of the medieval stonework, particularly the Elder Lady Chapel, is made from limestone taken from quarries around [[Dundry]] and [[Felton, Somerset|Felton]] with [[Bath stone]] being used in other areas.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters |num=1202129 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> Amongst the other churches included in the list is the 12th-century [[St Mary Redcliffe]] which is the second tallest building in Bristol. The church was described by [[Queen Elizabeth I]] as "the fairest, goodliest, and most famous parish church in England."{{sfn|Burrough|1970|pp=13–14}}

Secular buildings include [[Red Lodge Museum, Bristol|The Red Lodge]], built in 1580 for John Yonge as a [[gatehouse|lodge]] for a larger house that once stood on the site of the present [[Bristol Beacon]] (previously known as Colston Hall). It was subsequently added to in [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] times and restored in the early 20th century.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1202417 |desc=Red Lodge |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> [[St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bristol|St Bartholomew's Hospital]] is a 12th-century town house which was incorporated into a monastery hospital founded in 1240 by [[Earl De La Warr|Sir John la Warr, 2nd Baron De La Warr]] ({{circa|1277–1347}}), and became [[Bristol Grammar School]] from 1532 to 1767, and then [[Queen Elizabeth's Hospital]] 1767–1847. The round piers predate the hospital, and may come from an aisled hall, the earliest remains of domestic architecture in the city, which was then adapted to form the hospital chapel.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Nos.17, 18 AND 19 St Bartholomew's Hospital |num=1202066 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> Three 17th-century town houses which were attached to the hospital were incorporated into model workers' flats in 1865, and converted to offices in 1978. [[St Nicholas's Almshouses]] were built in 1652<ref>{{NHLE|desc=St Nicholas' Almshouses, Nos.1–10 |num=1209635 |access-date=21 February 2007 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> to provide care for the poor. Several public houses were also built in this period, including the [[Llandoger Trow]]<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Llandoger Trow |num=1202324 |access-date=22 February 2007 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> on King Street and the [[Hatchet Inn, Bristol|Hatchet Inn]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=The Hatchet Public House, Frogmore Street |num=1372291 |access-date=21 July 2024 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref>

[[Manor house]]s include [[Goldney Hall]], where the highly decorated [[Grotto at Goldney House|Grotto]] dates from 1739.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Grotto approximately 85 metres south of Goldney House |num=1202104 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> Commercial buildings such as the Exchange<ref>{{NHLE|desc=The Exchange |num=1298770 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> and [[Old Post Office, Bristol|Old Post Office]]<ref>{{NHLE|desc=No.48 Old Post Office |num=1187390 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> from the 1740s are also included in the list. Residential buildings include the Georgian Portland Square<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Nos.1–6 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1202443 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.14–17 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1282179 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.18–21 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208823 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.22–28 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1202444 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.31–34 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208879 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.7–13 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208806 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> and the complex of small cottages around a green at [[Blaise Hamlet]], which was built around 1811 for retired employees of [[Quaker]] [[banker]] and [[philanthropist]] [[John Scandrett Harford]], who owned [[Blaise Castle House]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Circular Cottage |num=1202262 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Dial Cottage |num=1282246 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Diamond Cottage |num=1282285 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Double Cottage |num=1202260 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Dutch Cottage |num=1207760 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Oak Cottage |num=1207747 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Rose Cottage |num=1202261 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Sweetbriar Cottage |num=1282247 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Vine Cottage |num=1202263 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> The 18th-century [[Kings Weston House]], in northern Bristol, was designed by [[John Vanbrugh]] and is the only Vanbrugh building in any UK city outside London. [[Almshouse]]s<ref>{{NHLE |num=1209635 |desc=St Nicholas' Almshouses |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}</ref> and pubs from the same period<ref>{{NHLE |num=1202324 |desc=Llandoger Trow Public House |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes}}</ref> intermingle with modern development. Several Georgian [[Garden square|squares]] were designed for the middle class as prosperity increased during the 18th century.{{sfn|Foyle|2004|pp=19–21}} During World War II, the city centre was heavily bombed during the [[Bristol Blitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pictorial Record of Bristol's History |url=http://weldgen.tripod.com/bristol-history/id6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322080553/http://weldgen.tripod.com/bristol-history/id6.html |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=29 March 2014 |publisher=Bristol History}}</ref> The central shopping area near [[Castle Park, Bristol|Wine Street and Castle Street]] was particularly hard-hit, and [[The Dutch House, Bristol|the Dutch House]] and [[St Peter's Hospital, Bristol|St Peter's Hospital]] were destroyed. Nevertheless, in 1961 [[John Betjeman]] called Bristol "the most beautiful, interesting and distinguished city in England".{{sfn|Winstone|1985|p=124}}