Editing Breton language (section)

==Orthography==
The first extant Breton texts, contained in the Leyde manuscript, were written at the end of the 8th century: 50 years prior to the [[Strasbourg Oaths]], considered to be the earliest example of [[French language|French]]. Like many medieval [[Orthography|orthographies]], Old- and Middle Breton orthography was at first not standardised, and the spelling of a particular word varied at authors' discretion. In 1499, however, the ''[[Catholicon (trilingual dictionary)|Catholicon]]'', was published; as the first dictionary written for both French and Breton, it became a point of reference on how to transcribe the language. The orthography presented in the ''Catholicon'' was largely similar to that of French, in particular with respect to the representation of vowels, as well as the use of both the Latinate [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{vr|qu}}—a remnant of the sound change {{IPA|/kʷ/}} > {{IPA|/k/}} in Latin—and Brittonic {{vr|cou-}} or {{vr|cu-}} to represent {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels.

As phonetic and phonological differences between the dialects began to magnify, many regions, particularly the Vannes country, began to devise their own orthographies. Many of these orthographies were more closely related to the French model, albeit with some modifications. Examples of these modifications include the replacement of Old Breton -{{vr|z}} with -{{vr|h}} to denote word-final {{IPA|/x~h/}} (an evolution of Old Breton {{IPA|/θ/}} in the Vannes dialect) and use of -{{vr|h}} to denote the initial mutation of {{IPA|/k/}} (today this mutation is written {{vr|cʼh}}).<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton|last=Hemon|first=Roparz|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|year=1975|location=Dublin|pages=5}}</ref> and thus needed another transcription.

In the 1830s [[Jean-François Le Gonidec]] created a modern phonetic system for the language.

During the early years of the 20th century, a group of writers known as {{lang|br|Emglev ar Skrivanerien}} elaborated and reformed Le Gonidec's system. They made it more suitable as a super-dialectal representation of the dialects of [[Cornouaille]], Leon and Trégor (known as from {{lang|br|Kernev}}, {{lang|br|Leon}} and {{lang|br|Treger}} in Breton). This '''KLT''' orthography was established in 1911. At the same time writers of the more divergent Vannetais dialect developed a phonetic system also based on that of Le Gonidec.

Following proposals made during the 1920s, the KLT and Vannetais orthographies were merged in 1941 to create an orthographic system to represent all four dialects. This {{lang|br|Peurunvan}} ("wholly unified") orthography was significant for the inclusion of the digraph {{vr|zh}}, which represents a {{IPA|/h/}} in Vannetais and corresponds to a {{IPA|/z/}} in the KLT dialects.

In 1955 [[François Falcʼhun]] and the group {{ill|Emgleo Breiz|fr|Emgleo Breiz|br|Emgleo Breiz}} proposed a new orthography. It was designed to use a set of [[graphemes]] closer to the conventions of French. This {{lang|fr|Orthographe universitaire}} ("University Orthography", known in Breton as {{lang|br|Skolveurieg}}) was given official recognition by the French authorities as the "official orthography of Breton in French education." It was opposed in the region and today is used only by the magazine {{lang|br|Brud Nevez}} and the publishing house Emgléo Breiz.

In the 1970s, a new standard orthography was devised – the {{lang|br|etrerannyezhel}} or {{lang|fr|interdialectale}}. This system is based on the derivation of the words.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hewitt|first=Steve|title=Background information on Breton|url=https://www.academia.edu/2157237}}</ref>

Today the majority of writers continue to use the ''Peurunvan orthography'', and it is the version taught in most Breton-language schools.

===Alphabet===
Breton is written in the [[Latin script]]. ''Peurunvan'', the most commonly used orthography, consists of the following letters:

: a, b, ch, cʼh, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z

The [[circumflex]], [[grave accent]], [[trema (diacritic)|trema]] and [[tilde]] appear on some letters. These [[diacritic]]s are used in the following way:

: â, ê, î, ô, û, ù, ü, ñ

===Differences between {{lang|br|Skolveurieg}} and {{lang|br|Peurunvan}}===
Both orthographies use the above alphabet, although {{vr|é}} is used only in {{lang|br|Skolveurieg}}.

Differences between the two systems are particularly noticeable in word endings. In Peurunvan, final [[obstruent]]s, which are devoiced in absolute final position and voiced in [[sandhi]] before voiced sounds, are represented by a grapheme that indicates a voiceless sound. In OU they are written as voiced but represented as voiceless before suffixes: {{lang|br|braz}} "big", {{lang|br|brasocʼh}} "bigger".

In addition, Peurunvan maintains the KLT convention, which distinguishes noun/adjective pairs by nouns written with a final voiced consonant and adjectives with a voiceless one. No distinction is made in pronunciation, e.g. {{lang|br|brezhoneg}} "Breton language" vs. {{lang|br|brezhonek}} "Breton (adj)".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of different orthographies
! {{lang|br|Etrerannyezhel}} (1975) !! {{lang|br|Peurunvan}} (1941) !! {{lang|br|Skolveurieg}} (1956)
!English gloss
|-
| {{lang|br|glaw}} || {{lang|br|glav}} || {{lang|br|glao}}
|rain
|-
| {{lang|br|piw}} || {{lang|br|piv}} || {{lang|br|piou}}
|who
|-
| {{lang|br|levr}} || {{lang|br|levr}} || {{lang|br|leor}}
|book
|-
| {{lang|br|ewid}} || {{lang|br|evit}} || {{lang|br|evid}}
|for
|-
| {{lang|br|gant}} || {{lang|br|gant}} || {{lang|br|gand}}
|with
|-
| {{lang|br|anezhi}} || {{lang|br|anezhi}} || {{lang|br|anezi}}
|of her
|-
| {{lang|br|ouzhpenn}} || {{lang|br|ouzhpenn}} || {{lang|br|ouspenn}}
|add
|-
| {{lang|br|brawañ}} || {{lang|br|bravañ}} || {{lang|br|brava}}
|most beautiful
|-
| {{lang|br|pelecʼh}} || {{lang|br|pelecʼh}} || {{lang|br|peleh}}
|where
|}

===Pronunciation of the Breton alphabet===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Letter !! Revised!! Kerneveg !! Leoneg !! Tregiereg !! Gwenedeg
|-
| '''A a'''
| '''A a'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ä, a, ɑː]}}
|-
| â
| â
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɑː]}}{{Ref|Pron-1}}
|-
| ae
| ae
| {{IPA|[ae̯~aj]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛa]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
|-
| an
| agn
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɑ̃n]}}
|-
| añ
| ag
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɑ̃]}}
|-
| ao
| aw
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ao̯~aw]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| {{IPA|[ao̯~aw]}}
|-
| aou
| aow
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɔʊ̯~ɔw]}}
|-
| '''B b'''
| '''B b'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[b], [p]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
|-
| '''Ch ch'''
| '''Sh sh'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ʃ], [ʒ]}}{{Ref|Pron-4}}
|-
| '''Cʼh cʼh'''
| '''Ch ch'''
| {{IPA|[h]}},{{Ref|Pron-2}} {{IPA|[x]}}
| {{IPA|[h]}},{{Ref|Pron-2}} {{IPA|[ɣ~ɦ]}},{{Ref|Pron-19}} {{IPA|[x]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
| {{IPA|[h]}},{{Ref|Pron-2}} {{IPA|[x]}}
| {{IPA|[h, x]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
|-
| cʼhw
| chw
| {{IPA|[xw~f]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[xw]}}
| {{IPA|[hw~(hɥ)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| '''D d'''
| '''D d'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[d], [t]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
|-
| '''E e'''
| '''E e'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eː]}}{{Ref|Pron-5}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eː]}},{{Ref|Pron-5}} {{IPA|[ə]}}{{Ref|Pron-22}}
|-
| ê
| ê
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɛː]}}{{Ref|Pron-17}}
|-
| ei
| ei
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɛi̯~ɛj]}}
|-
| eeu
| ey
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[eø̯~ew]}}
|-
| eo
| eo
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| {{IPA|[eɔ]}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| {{IPA|[eː, ə]}}
|-
| eu
| y
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[œ, œ̞, ø, øː]}}{{Ref|Pron-5}}
|-
| eü
| eu
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɛɥ, e(v)y]}}
|-
| eue
| ye
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ø̯e~ɥe]}}
|-
| '''F f'''
| '''F f'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[f], [v]}}{{Ref|Pron-4}}
|-
| 'f
| ff
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[v~ɸ]}}
|-
| '''G g'''
| '''Q q'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɡ, k]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
| {{IPA|[ɡ~(ɟ), k~(c)]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| gn
| nh
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɲ]}}{{Ref|Pron-7}}
|-
| gw
| qw
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɡw]}}{{Ref|Pron-27}}
| {{IPA|[ɡw~(ɟɥ)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| '''H h'''
| '''H h'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[h]}}{{Ref|Pron-8}}
|-
| '''I i'''
| '''I i'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[i, iː, j]}}{{Ref|Pron-9}}
|-
| ilh
| ilh
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[(i)ʎ]}}{{Ref|Pron-10}}
|-
| '''J j'''
| '''J j'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ʒ], [ʃ]}}{{Ref|Pron-3}}
|-
| '''K k'''
| '''C c'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[k]}}
| {{IPA|[k~(c)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| '''L l'''
| '''L l'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[l]}},{{Ref|Pron-23}} {{IPA|[ɬ]}}{{Ref|Pron-11}}
|-
| '''M m'''
| '''M m'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| '''N n'''
| '''N n'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[n]}},{{Ref|Pron-23}} {{IPA|[ŋ]}}{{Ref|Pron-12}}
|-
| ñ
| g
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|-
| ñv
| gmf
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[◌̃v]}}
|-
| '''O o'''
| '''O o'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɔ, ɔ̞, o, oː]}}{{Ref|Pron-5}}{{Ref|Pron-24}}
|-
| oa
| oa
| {{IPA|[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː, ɔa, oːa]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̯ɛ~wɛ, ɔ̯eː~weː]}}
|-
| ôa
| ôa
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[oːa]}}{{Ref|Pron-18}}
|-
| oe
| oe
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɔ̯ɛ(ː)~wɛ(ː)]}}
|-
| on
| ogn
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɔ̃n]}}
|-
| oñ
| og
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}
|-
| ou
| w
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[u, uː, w]}}
| {{IPA|[u, uː, w~(ɥ)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}{{Ref|Pron-13}}
|-
| où{{Ref|Pron-14}}
| ow
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|[u]}}
| {{IPA|[o]}}
| {{IPA|[ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ]}}
|-
| oü
| oy
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[oy̆, oːy]}}
|-
| '''P p'''
| '''P p'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| '''R r'''
| '''R r'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ~r~ɾ~ɹ]}},{{Ref|Pron-21}}{{Ref|Pron-23}} {{IPA|[χ~r̥~ɾ̥~ɹ̥]}}{{Ref|Pron-11}}
|-
| '''S s'''
| '''S s'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[s, z]}}
|-
| sh
| ss
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[s]}}
| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| sk
| sc
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[sk]}}
| {{IPA|[sk~(sc~ʃc)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| st
| st
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[st]}}
| {{IPA|[ʃt]}}
|-
| '''T t'''
| '''T t'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| '''U u'''
| '''U u'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[y, yː, ɥ]}}{{Ref|Pron-28}}
|-
| ui
| ui
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɥi, ɥiː]}}
|-
| ul, un, ur{{Ref|Pron-29}}
| yl, yn, yr{{Ref|Pron-29}}
| {{IPA|[ɔl, ɔn, ɔʀ]}}
| {{IPA|[œl, œn, œr]}}
| {{IPA|[œl, œn, œɾ]}}
| {{IPA|[yl, yn, yʁ]}}
|-
| '''V v'''
| '''V v'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[v]}}{{Ref|Pron-15}}
|-
| vh
| ph
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| '''W w'''
| '''W w'''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[w]}}{{Ref|Pron-25}}
| {{IPA|[w~(ɥ)]}}{{Ref|Pron-6}}
|-
| '''Y y'''
| '''I i'''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| '''Z z'''
| '''Z z'''
| {{IPA|[z]}}, Ø,{{Ref|Pron-16}} {{IPA|[s]}}{{Ref|Pron-20}}
| {{IPA|[z, ʒ/ʃ]}}{{Ref|Pron-26}}{{Ref|Pron-20}}
| {{IPA|[z]}}, Ø{{Ref|Pron-16}}{{Ref|Pron-20}}
| {{IPA|[z]}}, Ø,{{Ref|Pron-16}} {{IPA|[ð]}}{{Ref|Pron-30}}
|-
| zh
| th
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[z]}}{{Ref|Pron-16}}
| {{IPA|[h]}}{{Ref|Pron-16}}
|}

'''Notes:'''
# {{Note|Pron-1}} Vocative particle: {{lang|br|â Vreizh}} / {{lang|br|â Vreith}} "O Brittany".
# {{Note|Pron-2}} Word-initially.
# {{Note|Pron-3}} Word-finally.
# {{Note|Pron-4}} Unwritten lenition of {{vr|ch, cʼh, f, s}} and spirantization of {{vr|p}} > {{vr|f}} {{IPA|[v]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-5}} Unstressed {{vr|e, eu, o}} represent {{IPA|[ɛ, œ, ɔ]}} in Leoneg but {{IPA|[e, ø, o]}} in the other dialects. The realisations {{IPA|[ɛ̞, œ̞, ɔ̞]}} appear mainly before {{vr|rr}} (also less often before {{vr|cʼh}}), semivowels {{IPA|[j, w]}}, consonant clusters beginning with {{vr|r}} or {{vr|l}}. Stressed long {{vr|e, eu, o}} represent {{IPA|[eː, øː, oː]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-6}} In Gwenedeg velars are palatalized before {{vr|e}} and {{vr|i}}, i.e. {{vr|k}}, {{vr|g}}, {{vr|kw/kou}}, {{vr|cʼhw/cʼhou}}, {{vr|gw/gou}}, {{vr|w/ou}}, {{vr|sk}} represent {{IPA|[c~tʃ, ɟ~dʒ, cɥ, hɥ, ɟɥ, ɥ, sc~ʃc]}}. In the case of word-final {{vr|g}} and {{vr|k}} palatalization to {{IPA|[c]}} also occurs after {{vr|i}}.
# {{Note|Pron-7}} Before a vowel other than {{vr|i}} the digraph {{vr|ni}} is written instead of {{vr|gn}}, e.g. {{lang|br|bleniañ}} "to drive", radical {{lang|br|blegn}}, 1PS preterite {{lang|br|blegnis}}, 3PS preterite {{lang|br|blenias}}.
# {{Note|Pron-8}} Silent in words such as {{lang|br|'''h'''a(g)}}, {{lang|br|'''h'''e(cʼh)}}, {{lang|br|'''h'''o(cʼh)}}, {{lang|br|'''h'''oll}}, {{lang|br|'''h'''on}}, {{lang|br|'''h'''or}} and {{lang|br|'''h'''ol}}. Always silent in Gwenedeg and Leoneg.
# {{Note|Pron-9}} {{vr|i}} is realized as {{IPA|[j]}} when it precedes or follows a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as {{lang|br|l'''i'''en}}, {{lang|br|l'''i'''orzh}}, {{lang|br|rakd'''i'''azezañ}} it represents {{IPA|[iː]}} (in orthography {{vr|ï}} may be used: {{lang|br|lïen}}, {{lang|br|lïorzh}}, {{lang|br|rakdïazezañ}}).
# {{Note|Pron-10}} {{vr|ilh}} represents {{IPA|[ʎ]}} when it follows a vowel, after a consonant it represents {{IPA|[iʎ]}}. But before a vowel other than {{vr|i}}, {{vr|li}} is written instead of {{vr|ilh}}, e.g. {{lang|br|heuliañ}} "to follow", radical {{lang|br|heuilh}}, 1PS preterite {{lang|br|heuilhis}}, 3PS preterite {{lang|br|heulias}}. In some regions {{IPA|[j]}} may be heard instead of {{IPA|[ʎ]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-11}} Word-finally after a cluster of unvoiced consonants.
# {{Note|Pron-12}} In front of {{vr|k, g}}.
# {{Note|Pron-13}} The digraph {{vr|ou}} is realized like {{vr|w}} when preceded or followed by a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as {{lang|br|Doue}}, {{lang|br|douar}}, {{lang|br|gouarn}} it represents {{IPA|[uː]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-14}} The digraph {{vr|où}} represents plural endings. Its pronunciation varies by dialect: {{IPA|[u, o, ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ]}} rating geographically from Northwest Leon to Southeast Gwened.
# {{Note|Pron-15}} {{vr|v}} usually represents {{IPA|[v]}}, but word-finally (except in word-final {{vr|ñv}}) it represents {{IPA|[w]}} in KLT, {{IPA|[ɥ]}} in Gwenedeg and {{IPA|[f]}} in Goëlo. The pronunciation {{IPA|[v]}} is retained word-finally in verbs. In words {{lang|br|bli'''v'''}}, {{lang|br|Gwiskri'''v'''}}, {{lang|br|gwi'''v'''}}, {{lang|br|li'''v'''}}, {{lang|br|pi'''v'''}}, {{lang|br|ri'''v'''}} it represents {{IPA|[u]}} in KLT, {{IPA|[ɥ]}} in Gwenedeg and {{IPA|[f]}} in Goëlo. Word-finally following {{vr|r, l, n, z}} it represents {{IPA|[o]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-16}} But silent in words such as {{lang|br|goue'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|bloa'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|goa'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|ru'''z'''iañ}}, {{lang|br|klei'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|rakdïaze'''z'''añ}}, {{lang|br|be'''z'''añ}}, {{lang|br|Roa'''zh'''on}}, {{lang|br|de'''zh'''añ}}, {{lang|br|koue'''zh'''añ}}, '{{lang|br|'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|a'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|e'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|da'}}{{lang|br|'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|gwirione'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|enep(g)wirione'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|monei'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|falsvonei'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|karante'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|kengarante'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|neve'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|neve'''z'''cʼhanet}}, {{lang|br|nado'''z'''ioù}}, {{lang|br|abardae'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|gwe'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|bemde'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|kri'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|blei'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|morvlei'''z'''}}, {{lang|br|de'''zh'''i}}. {{vr|z}} is generally silent in Kerneweg, Tregerieg and Gwenedeg, but in Leoneg {{vr|z(h)}} is always pronounced.
# {{Note|Pron-17}} Used to distinguish words such as {{lang|br|stêr}} "river", {{lang|br|hêr}} "heir", {{lang|br|kêr}} "town" (also written {{lang|br|kaer}}) from {{lang|br|ster}} "sense", {{lang|br|her}} "bold", {{lang|br|ker}} "dear".
# {{Note|Pron-18}} Used to distinguish {{lang|br|trôad}} "circuit/tour" from {{lang|br|troad}} "foot".
# {{Note|Pron-19}} In northern dialects (mainly in Leoneg), there is a tendency to voice {{vr|cʼh}} between vowels. {{IPA|[ɣ]}} also appears as the lenition of {{vr|g, cʼh}} and mixed mutation of {{vr|g}}.
# {{Note|Pron-20}} The lenition of {{vr|d}} and the spirantization of {{vr|t}} are both represented by {{vr|z}} is mainly pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} although in certain regions {{IPA|[s]}} (especially for the spirantization of {{vr|t}} in Cornouaille) and {{IPA|[ð]}} (in some Haut-Vannetais varieties){{Ref|Pron-31|31}} also occur.
# {{Note|Pron-21}} The pronunciation of {{vr|r}} varies by dialect, nowadays uvular {{IPA|[ʀ]}} (or {{IPA|[ʁ]}}) is standard; {{IPA|[r]}} occurs in Leoneg, {{IPA|[ɾ]}} or {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in Tregerieg, and {{IPA|[ʀ], [ʁ], [r], and [ɾ]}} in Gwenedeg.
# {{Note|Pron-22}} In Gwenedeg an unstressed {{vr|e}} often represents {{IPA|[ə]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-23}} Lenited varieties of {{vr|r, l, n}} may appear word-initially in case of soft mutation.
# {{Note|Pron-24}} In Leoneg {{IPA|[u(ː)]}} in front of a nasal.
# {{Note|Pron-25}} In Leoneg {{vr|w}} represents {{IPA|[v]}} before {{vr|e, i}}.
# {{Note|Pron-26}} In Leoneg {{vr|z(h)}} represents {{IPA|[ʃ]}} or {{IPA|[ʒ]}} before {{vr|i}}.
# {{Note|Pron-27}} In Leoneg {{vr|gwr}} represents {{IPA|[ɡr]}}.
# {{Note|Pron-28}} Before a vowel.
# {{Note|Pron-29}} Forms of the indefinite article.
# {{Note|Pron-30}} A conservative realisation of the initial mutation of {{vr|d}} and {{vr|t}}, used in certain parts of the Vannes country.