Editing Biodiversity (section)

== Conservation ==
{{Main|Conservation biology}}

[[File:MEAConservationStrategies.jpg|thumb|A schematic image illustrating the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being and poverty.<ref>
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. [http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf ''Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis'']</ref> The illustration shows where conservation action, strategies, and plans can influence the drivers of the current biodiversity crisis at local, regional, to global scales.]]

[[Conservation biology]] matured in the mid-20th century as [[ecologists]], [[naturalists]] and other [[scientists]] began to research and address issues pertaining to global biodiversity declines.<ref name="Soule86">{{cite journal |last1=Soulé |first1=Michael E. |title=What Is Conservation Biology? |journal=BioScience |date=1985 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=727–734 |doi=10.2307/1310054 |jstor=1310054 }}</ref><ref name="Davis96">{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Davis|title=Museums and the natural environment: the role of natural history museums in biological conservation|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3pLtAAAAMAAJ}}|year=1996|publisher=Leicester University Press|isbn=978-0-7185-1548-5}}{{pn|date=November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Dyke2008">{{cite book|first=Fred Van |last=Dyke|title=Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Evh1UD3ZYWcC}}|date=29 February 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-6890-4}}</ref>

The conservation ethic advocates management of [[natural resource]]s for the purpose of sustaining biodiversity in [[species]], [[ecosystems]], the [[Evolution|evolutionary process]] and human culture and society.<ref name="proceedings1">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0801921105 | author1 = Wake D. B. | author2 = Vredenburg V. T. | year = 2008 | title = Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 11466–11473 | pmid = 18695221 | pmc = 2556420 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10511466W | df = dmy-all | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Soule86" /><ref name="Dyke2008" /><ref name="Hunter1996">{{cite book|first=Malcolm L. |last=Hunter|title=Fundamentals of Conservation Biology|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=5f2wQgAACAAJ}}|year=1996|publisher=Blackwell Science|isbn=978-0-86542-371-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bowen | first1 = B. W. | year = 1999 | title = Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 8 | issue = 12 Suppl 1 | pages = S5–S10 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00798.x| pmid = 10703547 | bibcode = 1999MolEc...8.....B }}</ref>

Conservation biology is reforming around strategic plans to protect biodiversity.<ref name="Soule86" /><ref name="Soulé1986">{{cite book|first=Michael E. |last=Soulé|title=Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Qi1jUut7JL8C}}|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-0-87893-794-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Margules |first1=C. R. |last2=Pressey |first2=R. L. |title=Systematic conservation planning |journal=Nature |date=May 2000 |volume=405 |issue=6783 |pages=243–253 |doi=10.1038/35012251 |pmid=10821285 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/42078/1/42078%20Margules%20and%20Sarkar%202007.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Knozowski-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Knozowski |first1=Paweł |last2=Nowakowski |first2=Jacek J. |last3=Stawicka |first3=Anna Maria |last4=Górski |first4=Andrzej |last5=Dulisz |first5=Beata |date=2023-11-10 |title=Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=898 |pages=165280 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280 |pmid=37419354 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ScTEn.89865280K }}</ref> Preserving global biodiversity is a priority in strategic conservation plans that are designed to engage public policy and concerns affecting local, regional and global scales of communities, ecosystems and cultures.<ref>Example: Gascon, C., Collins, J. P., Moore, R. D., Church, D. R., McKay, J. E. and Mendelson, J. R. III (eds) (2007). ''Amphibian Conservation Action Plan''. IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 64pp. [http://www.amphibians.org/newsletter/ACAP.pdf Amphibians.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704172505/http://www.amphibians.org/newsletter/ACAP.pdf |date=4 July 2007 }}, see also [http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf Millenniumassessment.org], [http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28176.htm Europa.eu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212233945/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28176.htm |date=12 February 2009 }}</ref> Action plans identify [[Ecological economics#Methodology|ways]] of sustaining human well-being, employing [[natural capital]], macroeconomic policies including economic incentives, and [[ecosystem services]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luck |first1=Gary W. |last2=Daily |first2=Gretchen C. |last3=Ehrlich |first3=Paul R. |title=Population diversity and ecosystem services |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |date=July 2003 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=331–336 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00100-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813135309/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Millennium Ecosystem Assessment|archive-date=13 August 2015|website=www.millenniumassessment.org}}</ref>

In the [[EU Directive 1999/22/EC]] zoos are described as having a role in the preservation of the biodiversity of wildlife animals by conducting research or participation in [[breeding program]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2014/03/25/beantwoording-kamervragen-over-fokken-en-doden-van-gezonde-dieren-in-dierentuinen/beantwoording-kamervragen-over-fokken-en-doden-van-gezonde-dieren-in-dierentuinen.pdf |title=Beantwoording vragen over fokken en doden van gezonde dieren in dierentuinen |publisher=Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands) |date=25 March 2014 |access-date=9 June 2014 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161822/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2014/03/25/beantwoording-kamervragen-over-fokken-en-doden-van-gezonde-dieren-in-dierentuinen/beantwoording-kamervragen-over-fokken-en-doden-van-gezonde-dieren-in-dierentuinen.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Protection and restoration techniques===
Removal of exotic species will allow the species that they have negatively impacted to recover their ecological niches. Exotic species that have become pests can be identified taxonomically (e.g.,&nbsp;with [[Digital Automated Identification SYstem]] (DAISY), using the [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life|barcode of life]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barcoding.si.edu/ |title=Barcode of Life |publisher=Barcoding.si.edu |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122175013/https://barcoding.si.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303405,camel-cull-would-help-curb-global-warming.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801074239/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303405,camel-cull-would-help-curb-global-warming.html|url-status=dead|title=Earth Times: show/303405,camel-cull-would-help-curb-global-warming.ht…|date=1 August 2012|archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Removal is practical only given large groups of individuals due to the economic cost.

As sustainable populations of the remaining native species in an area become assured, "missing" species that are candidates for reintroduction can be identified using databases such as the ''[[Encyclopedia of Life#Resources and collaborations|Encyclopedia of Life]]'' and the [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]].
* [[Biodiversity banking]] places a monetary value on biodiversity. One example is the Australian [[Native Vegetation Management Framework]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's Native Vegetation Framework |url=https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/native-vegetation-framework.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Gene bank]]s are collections of specimens and genetic material. Some banks intend to reintroduce banked species to the ecosystem (e.g.,&nbsp;via tree nurseries).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbvl.be/Archief/guid/vlaanderen-heeft-45-zaadtuinen-voor-autochtone-bomen-en-struiken.aspx?artikel=0935212d-8b19-45a4-9cda-167ff68d347c |title=Belgium creating 45 "seed gardens"; gene banks with intent to reintroduction |publisher=Hbvl.be |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>
* Reduction and better targeting of pesticides allows more species to survive in agricultural and urbanized areas.
* Location-specific approaches may be less useful for protecting migratory species. One approach is to create [[wildlife corridor]]s that correspond to the animals' movements. National and other boundaries can complicate corridor creation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=Jocelyn |title=Bold Corridor Project Confronts Political Reality |journal=Science |date=21 September 2001 |volume=293 |issue=5538 |pages=2196–2199 |doi=10.1126/science.293.5538.2196 |pmid=11567122 }}</ref>