Editing Atlantic slave trade (section)

===Caribbean===
[[File:The boiling house - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate VI - BL.jpg|thumb|Enslaved people inside a sugar boiling house on the island of [[Antigua]] in 1823]]

Over the colony's hundred-year course, about a million slaves succumbed to the conditions of slavery in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott |first=E. |date=2011 |title=Haiti: A Shattered Nation |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-1-4683-0160-1 |page=27}}</ref> A slave imported into Haiti was expected to die, on average, within 3 years of arrival, and slaves born on the island had a life expectancy of only 15 years.<ref name="Marlenedaut">{{cite journal |last1=Daut |first1=Marlene L. |title=All the Devils Are Here – How the visual history of the Haitian Revolution misrepresents Black suffering and death |journal=The University of Edinburgh Race .edu |date=27 October 2020 |url=https://www.race.ed.ac.uk/all-the-devils-are-here-how-the-visual-history-of-the-haitian-revolution-misrepresents-black-suffering-and-death/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102182008/https://www.race.ed.ac.uk/all-the-devils-are-here-how-the-visual-history-of-the-haitian-revolution-misrepresents-black-suffering-and-death/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2023|access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In the Caribbean, Dutch Guiana, and Brazil, the death rate of enslaved people was high, and the birth rates were low, slaveholders imported more Africans to sustain the slave population. The rate of natural decline in the slave population ran as high as 5 percent a year. While the death rate of enslaved populations in the United States was the same on Jamaican plantations. In the [[Danish West Indies]], and for most of the Caribbean, mortality rate was high because of the taxing labor of sugar cultivation. Sugar was a major cash crop and as the Caribbean plantations exported sugar to Europe and North America, they needed an enslaved work force to make its production economically viable, so slaves were imported from Africa. Enslaved Africans lived in inhumane conditions and the mortality rate of enslaved children under the age of five was forty percent. Many enslaved persons died from smallpox and intestinal worms contracted from contaminated food and water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Illness and death among the enslaved |url=https://www.virgin-islands-history.org/en/history/slavery/illness-and-death-among-the-enslaved/ |website=[[Danish National Archives]] |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621032705/https://www.virgin-islands-history.org/en/history/slavery/illness-and-death-among-the-enslaved/ |archive-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

The Atlantic slave trade exportation of slaves to Cuba was illegal by 1820; however, Cuba continued to import enslaved Africans from Africa until slavery was abolished in 1886. After the abolition of the slave trade to the United States and British colonies in 1807, Florida imported enslaved Africans from Cuba, many landing in [[Amelia Island affair|Amelia Island]]. A clandestine slave ferry operated between [[Havana|Havana, Cuba]] and [[Pensacola, Florida]]. Florida remained under Spanish control until 1821 which made it difficult for the United States to cease the smuggling of enslaved Africans from Cuba. In 1821, Florida was ceded to the United States and the smuggling of enslaved Africans continued, and from 1821 to 1841 Cuba became a main supplier of enslaved Africans for the United States. Between 1859 and 1862, slave traders made 40 illegal voyages between Cuba and the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kriple |first1=Kenneth |title=The Case Against a Nineteenth-Century Cuba-Florida Slave Trade |journal=[[Florida Historical Quarterly]] |date=1970 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1–3 |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3200&context=fhq |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302155343/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3200&context=fhq |archive-date=2 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amelia Island Pays Homage to Slaves Middle Passage with Marker |url=https://jacksonvillefreepress.com/amelia-island-pays-homage-to-slaves-middle-passage-with-marker/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |agency=The Free Press of Jacksonville |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302155343/https://jacksonvillefreepress.com/amelia-island-pays-homage-to-slaves-middle-passage-with-marker/ |archive-date=2 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Knackstedt & Näther Stereoskopie 0669 Cuba. Zuckerrohr-Plantage. Bildseite mit Ansicht um 1900 arbeitender Sklaven im Feld auf Kuba (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Afro Cubans working in a sugar plantation]]
The costs of the shipment of human cargo from Africa and operating costs of the slave trade from Africa into Cuba rose in the mid-19th century. Historian Laird Bergad writes of the Cuban slave trade and slave prices: "Three interacting factors produced the overwhelming demand for slaves responsible for pushing prices to the high levels[...] The first was the uncertainty surrounding the future of the slave trade itself. The long and persistent British campaign to force an end to the Cuban trade had traditionally been circumvented by collusion between Spanish colonial officials and Cuban slave traders. An additional obstacle to British efforts was the unwillingness of the United States to permit the search of U.S.-flag vessels suspected of involvement in the slave trade". By the mid-1860s, prices of Africans in their elderly years decreased while prices of younger Africans increased because they were considered to be of prime working age. According to research, in 1860 in [[Matanzas]], about 39.6 percent of slaves sold were young prime aged Africans of either sex; in 1870 the percentage was 74.3 percent. In addition, as the cost of sugar increased so did the price of slaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergad |first1=Laird |title=Slave Prices in Cuba, 1840-1875 |journal=[[Hispanic American Historical Review]] |date=1987 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=631–655 |doi=10.1215/00182168-67.4.631 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/67/4/631/148042/Slave-Prices-in-Cuba-1840-1875 |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314162254/https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/67/4/631/148042/Slave-Prices-in-Cuba-1840-1875 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>