Editing Ammonia (section)

=== Other ===
==== Remediation of gaseous emissions ====
Ammonia is used to scrub {{SO2}} from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to [[ammonium sulfate]] for use as fertiliser. Ammonia neutralises the nitrogen oxide ({{NOx}}) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR ([[selective catalytic reduction]]), relies on a [[vanadia]]-based catalyst.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=7 July 2009|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2008/db20080321_748642_page_3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510094255/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2008/db20080321_748642_page_3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2008 |title=Diesel: Greener Than You Think}}</ref>

Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of [[phosgene]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[International Programme on Chemical Safety]] | title = Phosgene: Health and Safety Guide | year = 1998 | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg106.htm}}</ref>

==== Stimulant ====
[[File:Meth ammonia tank Otley iowa.JPG|thumb|Anti-[[methamphetamine|meth]] sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, [[Otley, Iowa]]. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertiliser that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to provide thousands of locks to prevent criminals from gaining access to the tanks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thegazette.com/2009/10/06/anhydrous-ammonia-tank-locks-have-flaws |title=Anhydrous ammonia tank locks have flaws|newspaper=Cedar Rapids Gazette|date=6 October 2009}}</ref>]]
Ammonia, as the vapour released by [[smelling salts]], has found significant use as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of [[methamphetamine]] through a [[Birch reduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/methnet/understandingmeth/basics.html |title=Illinois Attorney General &#124; Basic Understanding of Meth |publisher=Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910041147/http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/methnet/understandingmeth/basics.html |archive-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnZ23IqU4SoC&q=ammonia+birch+method+danger&pg=PA759|title=Occupational, Industrial, and Environmental Toxicology|last=Greenberg|first=Michael I.|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323013406|language=en}}</ref>

==== Textile ====
Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like [[mercerisation]], using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Włochowicz|first1=A.|last2=Stelmasiak|first2=E.|s2cid=96930751|title=Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia|journal=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry|volume=26|issue=1|year=1983|page=17|doi=10.1007/BF01914084}}</ref>

==== Lifting gas ====
At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere and has approximately 45–48% of the lifting power of hydrogen or [[helium]]. Ammonia has sometimes been used to fill balloons as a [[lifting gas]]. Because of its relatively high boiling point (compared to helium and hydrogen), ammonia could potentially be refrigerated and liquefied aboard an [[airship]] to reduce lift and add ballast (and returned to a gas to add lift and reduce ballast).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horkheimer |first1=Donald |title=AIAA 5th ATIO and 16th Lighter-Than-Air Sys Tech. And Balloon Systems Conferences |chapter=Ammonia – A Solution for Airships Demanding Rapid Changes in Net Buoyancy |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-7393|year=2005 |doi=10.2514/6.2005-7393 |isbn=978-1-62410-067-3 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

==== Fuming ====
{{See also|Ammonia fuming}}
Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture. Ammonia fumes react with the natural [[tannin]]s in the [[wood]] and cause it to change colour.<ref>[http://www.woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Fuming_white_oak.html Fuming white oak]. woodweb.com</ref>

==== Safety ====
[[File:Ammiakoprovod NS.jpg|thumb|upright|The world's longest ammonia [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] (roughly 2400&nbsp;km long),<ref>minerals year book, vol. 3</ref> running from the [[TogliattiAzot]] plant in [[Russia]] to [[Odesa]] in [[Ukraine]]]]
The US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)]] has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35&nbsp;ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25&nbsp;ppm by volume.<ref name="Toxic FAQ Sheet for Ammonia-2004">{{cite news|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts126.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts126.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Toxic FAQ Sheet for Ammonia| publisher=[[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]] (ATSDR)|date= September 2004}}</ref> The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) recently reduced the IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health, the level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes without suffering irreversible health effects) from 500 to 300 ppm based on recent more conservative interpretations of original research in 1943. Other organisations have varying exposure levels. US Navy Standards [U.S. Bureau of Ships 1962] maximum allowable concentrations (MACs): for continuous exposure (60 days) is 25&nbsp;ppm; for exposure of 1 hour is 400&nbsp;ppm.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7664417.html Ammonia], IDLH Documentation</ref>

Ammonia vapour has a sharp, irritating, pungent odor that acts as a warning of potentially dangerous exposure. The average odor threshold is 5&nbsp;ppm, well below any danger or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death.<ref name="Toxic FAQ Sheet for Ammonia-2004"/> Ammonia is regulated in the US as a non-flammable gas, but it meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than {{convert|3,500|gal}}.<ref>[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/faq/anhydrous-ammonia-covered-under-hazardous-materials-safety-permit-program Is Anhydrous Ammonia covered under the Hazardous Materials Safety Permit Program?] from the website of the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (DOT)</ref>

Liquid ammonia is dangerous because it is [[hygroscopic]] and because it can cause [[caustic burn]]s. See {{section link|Gas carrier|Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers}} for more information.