Editing Academy (section)

==Modern use of the term ''academy''==
[[File:Athens academy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The modern [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]], next to the [[University of Athens]] and the National Library forming 'the Trilogy', designed by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel|Schinkel's]] Danish pupil [[Theophil Freiherr von Hansen|Theofil Hansen]], 1885, in [[Ionic order|Greek Ionic]], academically correct even to the polychrome sculpture]]
[[File:Univesidad Åbo Akademi.jpg|thumb|[[Åbo Akademi]], an academy building designed by [[Charles Bassi]], was built on 1833 in [[Turku]], Finland.]]

The term is used widely today to refer to anything from schools to [[Learned society|learned societies]] to [[Funding agency|funding agencies]] to private industry associations.

[[National academies]] are bodies for scientists, artists or writers that are usually state-funded and often are given the role of controlling much of the state funding for research into their areas, or other forms of funding. Some use different terms in their name – the British [[Royal Society]] for example. The membership typically comprises distinguished individuals in the relevant field, who may be elected by the other members, or appointed by the government. They are essentially not schools or colleges, though some may operate teaching arms. The {{lang|fr|[[Académie Française]]|italic=no}} was the most influential pattern for these. Finland even has two separate "academies": [[Academy of Finland]] is a government-run funding agency, Suomalainen tiedeakatemia is a learned society.

The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], which presents the annual [[Academy Awards]], is an example of a purely industry body using the name. College-type specialized academies include the [[Royal Academy of Music]] of the United Kingdom; the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]], New York; the [[United States Naval Academy]]; [[United States Air Force Academy]]; and the [[Australian Defence Force Academy]]. In emulation of the military academies, police in the United States are trained in [[Police academy|police academies]].

Because of the tradition of intellectual brilliance associated with this institution, many groups have chosen to use the word "academy" in their name, especially specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the early 19th century "academy" took the connotations that "[[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]" was acquiring in German-speaking lands, of school that was less advanced than a college (for which it might prepare students) but considerably more than elementary. Early American examples are the prestigious preparatory schools of [[Phillips Andover Academy]], [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] and [[Deerfield Academy]]. In England, "academy" had a specialized meaning for schools, but the [[Edinburgh Academy]] was more like the American examples. Academy was also used very loosely for various commercial training schools for dancing and the like.

[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] organized public subscription performances of his music in Vienna in the 1780s and 1790s, he called the [[concert]]s "academies". This usage in musical terms survives in the concert orchestra [[Academy of St Martin in the Fields]] and in the [[Brixton Academy]], a concert hall in Brixton, South London.

Academies proliferated in the 20th century until even a three-week series of lectures and discussions would be termed an "academy". In addition, the generic term "the academy" is sometimes used to refer to all of academia, which is sometimes considered a global successor to the academy of [[Athens]].

===French regional academies overseeing education===
[[File:French academies map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A map outlining the academies overseeing education in France]]

In France, regional academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising all aspects of education in their region. The academy regions are similar to, but not identical to, the standard French administrative regions. The rector of each academy is a revocable nominee of the Ministry of Education. These academies' main responsibility is overseeing [[Primary education|primary]] and secondary education, but public universities are in some respects also answerable to the academy for their region. However, French private universities are independent of the state and therefore independent of the regional academies.

===Russian research academies===
In [[Imperial Russia]] and [[Soviet Union]] the term "academy", or [[Academy of Sciences]] was reserved to denote a state research establishment, see [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. The latter one still exists in Russia, although other types of academies (study and honorary) appeared as well.

===English school types===
====Tertiary education====
{{main|Dissenting academies}}
From the mid-seventeenth to the 19th centuries, educational institutions in England run by [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] groups that did not agree with the [[Church of England]] teachings were collectively known as "[[dissenting academies|the dissenting academies]]". As a place at an English public school or university generally required [[conformity]] to the Church of England, these institutions provided an alternative for those with different religious views and formed a significant part of [[education in England|England's educational system]].

[[University College London]] (UCL) was founded in 1826 as the first publicly funded English university to admit anyone regardless of religious adherence; and the [[Test and Corporation Acts]], which had imposed a wide range of restrictions on citizens who were not in conformity to the Church of England, were abolished shortly afterwards, by the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]].

====Primary and secondary education====
{{main|Academy (English school)}}
In 2000, a form of "independent state schools", called "[[Academy (English school)|academies]]", were introduced in England. They have been compared to US [[charter school]]s.<ref name="smithers">Rebecca Smithers, ''[[The Guardian]]'', July 6, 2005, [http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1522109,00.html "Hedge fund charity plans city academies"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202165655/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0%2C5500%2C1522109%2C00.html |date=2006-02-02 }}</ref> They are directly funded from central government rather than through local councils, and are partly privately sponsored. Often the sponsors are from business, but some are sponsored by universities and charities. These schools have greater autonomy than schools run by the local councils. They are usually a type of secondary school, but some are "all through" schools with an integral primary school. Some of the early ones were briefly known as "city academies"—the first such school opening on 10 September 2002 at the [[Business Academy Bexley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2249188.stm|title= Academy opens doors to the future|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628210928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2249188.stm|archive-date=28 June 2004|work = BBC News|first = Sean|last = Coughlan |date = 10 September 2002}}</ref>

The Queen's Speech, which followed the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by [[Ofsted]], to become academies. This was to be through a simplified streamlined process not requiring sponsors to provide capital funding.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Academies Act 2010|url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217031235/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html|archive-date=17 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|website=}}</ref>

In 2012, the UK government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311|title=BBC News – Academy row school governors sacked by Michael Gove|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 March 2012|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813033727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311|archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/|title=Protesting parents 'disgusted' with Downhills governors' removal|author=David Hardiman|work=Haringey Independent|date=15 March 2012 |access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723074454/http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/|archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

===United States===
{{See also|Secondary education in the United States|History of higher education in the United States}}
Prior to the twentieth century, education was not as carefully structured in the United States as it is in the twenty-first. There was not a rigid division between high school and colleges. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900.<ref>J. M. Opal. “Exciting Emulation: Academies and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1780s-1820s.” ''Journal of American History'' 91#2 (2004), pp. 445–70. [https://doi.org/10.2307/3660707 online]</ref>

In the nineteenth century an academy was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as [[Corning Free Academy]], retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a [[middle school]], closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the [[University of Pennsylvania]].  The [[United States Military Academy]] was formed in 1802 as a college. It never included a preparatory unit. 

The academy movement in the US in the early 19th century arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the new territories and states that were being formed in the new western states. Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition; most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in the South never reopened.<ref>Colin Burke, ''American collegiate populations: A test of the traditional view'' (NYU Press, 1982) table 1.20 </ref>

===Germany===
During [[the Age of Enlightenment]] in 18th-century Europe, the academy started to change in Europe. In the beginning of the 19th century [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] not only published his philosophical paper ''On the Limits of State Action'', but also directed the educational system in [[Prussia]] for a short time. He introduced an academic system that was much more accessible to the lower classes. [[Humboldt's Ideal]] was an education based on individuality, creativity, wholeness, and versatility. Many continental European universities are still rooted in these ideas (or at least pay lip-service to them). They are, however, in contradiction to today's massive trend of specialization in academia.