Editing Yoga (section)

===Middle Ages (500–1500 CE)===

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The Middle Ages saw the development of satellite yoga traditions. [[Hatha yoga]] emerged during this period.{{sfn|Larson|2008|pp=136–139}}

====Bhakti movement====

{{Main|Bhakti yoga}}

In medieval Hinduism, the [[Bhakti movement]] advocated the concept of a [[personal god]] or [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality]]. The movement, begun by the [[Alvars]] of South India during the 6th to 9th centuries, became influential throughout India by the 12th to 15th centuries.<ref name="Cutler">{{cite book|last=Cutler|first=Norman|title=Songs of Experience|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1987|page=1|isbn=978-0-253-35334-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1}}</ref> [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnava]] ''bhakti'' traditions integrated aspects of the ''Yoga Sutras'' (such as meditative exercises) with devotion.{{sfn|Larson|2008|pp=137}} The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' elucidates a form of yoga known as ''viraha'' (separation) ''bhakti'', which emphasizes concentration on Krishna.{{sfn|Jacobsen|2011|p=22}}

{{anchor|Hindu Tantra}}
====Tantra====

''[[Tantra]]'' is a range of esoteric traditions which had begun to arise in India by the 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Einoo |editor-first=Shingo |year=2009 |page=45 |title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism |publisher=University of Tokyo}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The earliest documented use of the word "Tantra" is in the [[Rigveda]] (X.71.9).<ref name=Banerjee>Banerjee, S.C., 1988.</ref>}} Its use suggests that the word ''tantra'' in the ''Rigveda'' means "technique". George Samuel wrote that ''tantra'' is a contested term, but may be considered a school whose practices appeared in nearly-complete form in Buddhist and Hindu texts by about the 10th century CE.{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=9}} Tantric yoga developed complex visualizations, which included meditation on the body as a microcosm of the cosmos. It included mantras, breath control, and body manipulation (including its [[Nadi (yoga)|nadis]] and [[chakra]]s. Teachings about chakras and Kundalini became central to later forms of Indian yoga.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=xviii–xx}}

Tantric concepts influenced Hindu, [[Bon]], Buddhist, and Jain traditions. Elements of Tantric rituals were adopted by, and influenced, state functions in medieval Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Samuel|2008|pp=324–333}} By the turn of the first millennium, [[hatha yoga]] emerged from [[tantra]].{{sfn|Burley|2000|p=16}}{{efn|name="hatha_yoga_dating"}}

=====Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism=====

[[Vajrayana]] is also known as Tantric Buddhism and ''Tantrayāna''. Its texts began to be compiled during the seventh century CE, and [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] translations were completed the following century. These ''tantra'' texts were the main source of Buddhist knowledge imported into Tibet,<ref>John Powers (2004), in Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Editors: Damien Keown et al.), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-31414-5}}, pages 775–785</ref> and were later translated into Chinese and other Asian languages. The Buddhist text [[Hevajra#Hevajra Tantra|Hevajra Tantra]] and ''[[Songs of realization|caryāgiti]]'' introduced hierarchies of chakras.<ref>White, David Gordon. ''Yoga in Practice''. Princeton University Press 2012, page 14.</ref> Yoga is a significant practice in Tantric Buddhism.<ref name="Lama Yeshe 1998, pg.135–141">Lama Yeshe (1998). ''The Bliss of Inner Fire.'' Wisdom Publications. pp. 135–141.</ref><ref>Chogyam Trungpa (2001) ''The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra''. Shambhala. {{ISBN|1-57062-895-5}}</ref><ref>Edmonton Patric 2007, Pali and Its Significance, p. 332</ref>

Tantra yoga practices include postures and breathing exercises. The [[Nyingma]] school practices [[Trul khor|yantra yoga]], a discipline which includes breath work, meditation and other exercises.<ref>"Yantra Yoga: The Tibetan Yoga of Movement" by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu. Snow Lion, 2008. {{ISBN|1-55939-308-4}}</ref> Nyingma meditation is divided into stages,<ref>''The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra'', by Chogyam Trungpa. Shambhala, 2001 {{ISBN|1-57062-895-5}}</ref> such as [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]], Upa yoga, Yoga yana, [[Mahayoga|mahā yoga]], [[Anuyoga|Anu yoga]] and [[atiyoga]].<ref>"Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet" by Ray, Reginald A. Shambhala: 2002. pp. 37–38 {{ISBN|1-57062-917-X}}</ref> The [[Tibetan Buddhism#Tibetan Buddhist schools|Sarma]] traditions also include Kriya, Upa (called "Charya"), and yoga, with [[anuttara yoga]] replacing mahayoga and atiyoga.<ref>"Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet" by Ray, Reginald A. Shambhala: 2002. p. 57 {{ISBN|1-57062-917-X}}</ref>

{{anchor|Yoga and Zen}}
====Zen Buddhism====

[[Zen]], whose name derives from the Sanskrit ''dhyāna'' via the Chinese ''ch'an'',{{refn|"The Meditation school, called 'Ch'an' in Chinese from the Sanskrit 'dhyāna,' is best known in the West by the Japanese pronunciation 'Zen{{'"}}.<ref>The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan. Edited by William Theodore de Bary. pp. 207–208. {{ISBN|0-394-71696-5}}</ref>|group=note}} is a form of Mahayana Buddhism in which yoga is an integral part.<ref>{{harvnb|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=13}}: "This phenomenon merits special attention since yogic roots are to be found in the Zen Buddhist school of meditation."</ref>

{{anchor|Hatha Yoga}}
====Medieval hatha yoga====

{{main|Hatha yoga}}

[[File:Gorakshanath.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sculpture of [[Gorakshanath]], an 11th-century yogi of the [[Nath]] tradition and a proponent of hatha yoga<ref>{{cite book|author=Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|title=Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljn1koKa0CQC |year=1983|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0534-7 |pages=xxi }}</ref>|alt=Sculpture of a young yogi sitting in the lotus position]]

The first references to hatha yoga are in eighth-century Buddhist works.<ref>{{harvnb|Mallinson |2012|p=2}}: "The earliest references to hathayoga are scattered mentions in Buddhist canonical works and their exegesis dating from the eighth century onwards, in which it is the soteriological method of last resort."</ref> The earliest definition of hatha yoga is in the 11th-century Buddhist text ''[[Vimalaprabha]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Mallinson |2012|p=2}}: "In its earliest definition, in Pundarīka's eleventh-century Vimalaprabhā commentary on the Kālacakratantra, hathayoga is said to bring about the "unchanging moment" (aksaraksana) "through the practice of nāda by forcefully making the breath enter the central channel and through restraining the bindu of the bodhicitta in the vajra of the lotus of wisdom". While the means employed are not specified, the ends, in particular restraining bindu, semen, and making the breath enter the central channel, are similar to those mentioned in the earliest descriptions of the practices of hathayoga, to which I now turn."</ref> Hatha yoga blends elements of Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras'' with posture and breathing exercises.{{sfn|Larson|2008| p=140}} It marks the development of asanas into the full-body postures in current popular use{{sfn|Burley|2000|p=16}} and, with its modern variations, is the style presently associated with the word "yoga".{{sfn|Feuerstein|1996|<!--page needed-->}}

====Sikhism====

Yogic groups became prominent in [[Punjab]] during the 15th and 16th centuries, when [[Sikhism]] was beginning. Compositions by [[Guru Nanak]] (the founder of Sikhism) describe dialogues he had with [[Jogi (caste)|Jogis]], a Hindu community which practiced yoga. Guru Nanak rejected the austerities, rites and rituals associated with hatha yoga, advocating sahaja yoga or nama yoga instead.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansukhani|first=Gobind Singh|title=Introduction To Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_SirMuPr54C&pg=PA66|year=2009|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-181-9|page=66 }}</ref> According to the [[Guru Granth Sahib]],

{{blockquote|O Yogi, Nanak tells nothing but the truth. You must discipline your mind. The devotee must meditate on the Word Divine. It is His grace which brings about the union. He understands, he also sees. Good deeds help one merge into Divination.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |title=Guru Nanak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obRecfp1QCYC&pg=PA178 |year=2010 |publisher=Indus Source Books|isbn=978-81-88569-02-1 |page=178}}</ref>}}