Editing Xenon (section)

==== Anesthesia ====
Xenon has been used as a [[general anesthetic]], but it is more expensive than conventional anesthetics.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1      = Neice
| first1     = A. E.
| last2      = Zornow
| first2     = M. H.
| title      = Xenon anaesthesia for all, or only a select few?
| journal    = Anaesthesia
| year       = 2016
| volume     = 71
| issue      = 11
| pages      = 1259–72
| doi        = 10.1111/anae.13569
| pmid       = 27530275
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon interacts with many different receptors and ion channels, and like many theoretically multi-modal inhalation anesthetics, these interactions are likely complementary. Xenon is a high-affinity glycine-site [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="nmda">{{cite journal
| title      = Competitive inhibition at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediates xenon neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 20124979
| year       = 2010
| last1      = Banks
| first1     = P.
| last2      = Franks
| first2     = N. P.
| last3      = Dickinson
| first3     = R.
| volume     = 112
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 614–22
| doi        = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cea398
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> However, xenon is different from certain other NMDA receptor antagonists in that it is not [[neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] and it inhibits the neurotoxicity of [[ketamine]] and [[nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O), while actually producing [[neuroprotection|neuroprotective effects]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties of the 'inert' gas, xenon
| journal    = British Journal of Anaesthesia
| pmid       = 12393773
| year       = 2002
| last1      = Ma
| first1     = D.
| last2      = Wilhelm
| first2     = S.
| last3      = Maze
| first3     = M.
| last4      = Franks
| first4     = N. P.
| volume     = 89
| issue      = 5
| pages      = 739–46
| doi        = 10.1093/bja/89.5.739
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon inhibits but N<sub>2</sub>O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices
| journal    = Anesthesia & Analgesia
| pmid       = 11159233
| year       = 2001
| last1      = Nagata
| first1     = A.
| last2      = Nakao Si
| first2     = S.
| last3      = Nishizawa
| first3     = N.
| last4      = Masuzawa
| first4     = M.
| last5      = Inada
| first5     = T.
| last6      = Murao
| first6     = K.
| last7      = Miyamoto
| first7     = E.
| last8      = Shingu
| first8     = K.
| s2cid      = 15167421
| volume     = 92
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 362–368
| doi        = 10.1213/00000539-200102000-00016
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Unlike ketamine and nitrous oxide, xenon does not stimulate a dopamine efflux in the [[nucleus accumbens]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = The differential effects of nitrous oxide and xenon on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study
| journal = [[Anesthesia & Analgesia]]
| pmid    = 17122223
| year    = 2006
| last1   = Sakamoto
| first1  = S.
| last2   = Nakao
| first2  = S.
| last3   = Masuzawa
| first3  = M.
| last4   = Inada
| first4  = T.
| last5   = Maze
| first5  = M.
| last6   = Franks
| first6  = N. P.
| last7   = Shingu
| first7  = K.
| s2cid   = 1882085
| volume  = 103
| issue   = 6
| pages   = 1459–63
| doi     = 10.1213/01.ane.0000247792.03959.f1
}}</ref>

Like nitrous oxide and [[cyclopropane]], xenon activates the two-pore domain potassium channel [[KCNK2|TREK-1]]. A related channel [[KCNK9|TASK-3]] also implicated in the actions of inhalation anesthetics is insensitive to xenon.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Two-pore-domain K<sup>+</sup> channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane
| journal = Molecular Pharmacology
| pmid    = 14742687
| year    = 2004
| last1   = Gruss
| first1  = M.
| last2   = Bushell
| first2  = T. J.
| last3   = Bright
| first3  = D. P.
| last4   = Lieb
| first4  = W. R.
| last5   = Mathie
| first5  = A.
| last6   = Franks
| first6  = N. P.
| s2cid   = 7762447
| volume  = 65
| issue   = 2
| pages   = 443–52
| doi     = 10.1124/mol.65.2.443
}}</ref> Xenon inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine [[Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor|α4β2]] receptors which contribute to spinally mediated analgesia.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 11020766
| year       = 2000
| last1      = Yamakura
| first1     = T.
| last2      = Harris
| first2     = R. A.
| s2cid      = 4684919
| volume     = 93
| issue      = 4
| pages      = 1095–101
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00034
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Tonic inhibitory role of α4β2 subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord in mice
| journal = Pain
| pmid    = 16781069
| year    = 2006
| last1   = Rashid
| first1  = M. H.
| last2   = Furue
| first2  = H.
| last3   = Yoshimura
| first3  = M.
| last4   = Ueda
| first4  = H.
| s2cid   = 53151557
| volume  = 125
| issue   = 1–2
| pages   = 125–35
| doi     = 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.011
}}</ref> Xenon is an effective inhibitor of [[Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase|plasma membrane Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase]]. Xenon inhibits Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase by binding to a hydrophobic pore within the enzyme and preventing the enzyme from assuming active conformations.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1     = Maria M.
| last1      = Lopez
| last2      = Kosk-Kosicka
| first2     = Danuta
| title      = How Do Volatile Anesthetics Inhibit Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPases?
| journal    = [[The Journal of Biological Chemistry]]
| year       = 1995
| doi        = 10.1074/jbc.270.47.28239
| pmid       = 7499320
| volume     = 270
| issue      = 47
| pages      = 28239–245
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of the [[serotonin]] [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor]]. While neither anesthetic nor antinociceptive, this reduces anesthesia-emergent nausea and vomiting.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human-cloned 5-hydroxytryptamine<sup>3</sup> receptors expressed in ''Xenopus'' oocytes
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| pmid       = 11873047
| year       = 2002
| last1      = Suzuki
| first1     = T.
| last2      = Koyama
| first2     = H.
| last3      = Sugimoto
| first3     = M.
| last4      = Uchida
| first4     = I.
| last5      = Mashimo
| first5     = T.
| s2cid      = 6705116
| volume     = 96
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 699–704
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200203000-00028
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Xenon has a [[minimum alveolar concentration]] (MAC) of 72% at age 40, making it 44% more potent than N<sub>2</sub>O as an anesthetic.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1      = Nickalls
| first1     = R.W.D.
| last2      = Mapleson
| first2     = W.W.
| title      = Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man
| journal    = British Journal of Anaesthesia
| date       = August 2003
| volume     = 91
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 170–74
| doi        = 10.1093/bja/aeg132
| pmid       = 12878613
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Thus, it can be used with oxygen in concentrations that have a lower risk of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. Unlike nitrous oxide, xenon is not a [[greenhouse gas]] and is viewed as [[environmentally friendly]].<ref name="Goto2003">{{Cite journal
| last       = Goto
| first      = T.
| author2    = Nakata Y
| author3    = Morita S
| s2cid      = 19119058
| title      = Will xenon be a stranger or a friend?: the cost, benefit, and future of xenon anesthesia
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| volume     = 98
| issue      = 1
| pages      = 1–2
| year       = 2003
| pmid       = 12502969
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200301000-00002
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Though recycled in modern systems, xenon vented to the atmosphere is only returning to its original source, without environmental impact.