Editing Woman (section)

== Science, literature and art ==
{{Main|Women in science|Women artists|Women writers}}
=== Science and medicine ===
[[File:Marie Curie 1903.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Marie Curie]] was the first woman to be awarded a [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=Marie Curie |url=https://www.awis.org/historical-women/marie-curie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201083418/https://www.awis.org/historical-women/marie-curie/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |accessdate=1 December 2021 |publisher=[[AWIS]]}}</ref>]]One area where women have been permitted most access historically was that of [[obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]] (prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was undertaken by women; from the mid 18th century onwards, medical monitoring of pregnant women started to require rigorous formal education, to which women did not generally have access, and thus the practice was largely transferred to men).<ref name="Gelis">Gelis, Jacues. History of Childbirth. Boston: Northern University Press, 1991: 96–98</ref><ref>Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. London and New York: Routledge, 1993: 1051–1052.</ref>

=== Literature ===
Writing was generally also considered acceptable for upper-class women, although achieving success as a female writer in a male-dominated world could be very difficult; as a result of several women writers adopted a male [[pen name]] (e.g. [[George Sand]], [[George Eliot]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jung |first1=Daun |title=Critical Names Matter: 'Currer Bell,' 'George Eliot,' and 'Mrs. Gaskell' |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |date=December 2017 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=763–781 |doi=10.1017/S1060150317000201 }}</ref>

=== Music ===
Women have been [[composer]]s, [[songwriter]]s, [[Musician|instrumental performers]], [[singer]]s, [[Conducting|conductors]], [[musicology|music scholars]], [[music teacher|music educators]], [[music criticism|music critics]]/[[music journalist]]s and other musical professions. There are music movements,{{clarify|date=December 2018}} events and genres related to women, [[women's rights|women's issues]] and [[feminism]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In the 2010s, while women comprise a significant proportion of [[popular music]] and [[classical music]] singers, and a significant proportion of songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters), there are few women [[record producer]]s, [[music journalist|rock critics]] and rock instrumentalists. Although there have been a huge number of [[List of women composers|women composers]] in classical music, from the Medieval period to the present day, women composers are significantly underrepresented in the [[Western canon|commonly performed classical music repertoire]], music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, in the ''Concise Oxford History of Music'', [[Clara Schumann]] is one of the only female composers who is mentioned.

Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing. A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however, indicated that 84% of the soloists with the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]] were men. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the top-ranked [[Vienna Philharmonic]] orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and [[all-female band]]s. Women are particularly underrepresented in [[extreme metal]] genres.<ref>Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers. "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music" in ''IASPM Journal''. Vol. 4, no. 1 (2014) p. 103</ref> Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism, [[Music producer|music producing]], and [[sound engineering]]. While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and there are few women [[musicology|musicologists]], women became involved in [[music education]] "... to such a degree that women dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century."<ref name="parlorsongs.com">{{cite web|url=http://parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-9/thismonth/feature.php |title=Women Composers In American Popular Song |page= 1 |publisher=Parlorsongs.com |date=1911-03-25 |access-date=2016-01-20}}</ref>
[[File:Gemma New in 2020 (a).jpg|alt=a woman with a cello|thumb|Women musicians may sing, write music, play instruments, conduct orchestras, teach music, and more.]]
According to [[Jessica Duchen]], a music writer for London's ''[[The Independent]]'', women musicians in classical music are "... too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "... to look sexy onstage and in photos."<ref name="music.cbc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap |title=CBC Music |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301002442/http://music.cbc.ca/ |archive-date=2016-03-01 }}</ref> Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."<ref name="music.cbc.ca" />

According to the UK's Radio 3 editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the classical music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the [[Conducting|leader of an orchestra]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news|author=Jessica Duchen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/feb/28/why-male-domination-of-classical-music-might-end |title=Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end &#124; Music |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2016-01-20}}</ref> In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the [[Audio mixer|audio console]] acting as [[music producer]]s, the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Rosina |title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio? |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep13/articles/sounding-off-0913.htm |journal=Sound on Sound |date=September 2013}}</ref>