Editing Wales (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Wales}}
Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music. There are four [[List of World Heritage Sites in Wales|UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales]]: [[Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd|The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd]]; [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]] and Canal; the [[Blaenavon Industrial Landscape]]; and [[The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre }}</ref>

===Mythology===
{{main|Welsh mythology}}
Remnants of native Celtic [[mythology]] of the pre-Christian [[Britons (historic)|Britons]] was passed down orally by the ''cynfeirdd'' (the early poets).<ref name="cynfeirdd">{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Christopher Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI_-cR_nZYsC&pg=PA258 |title=The Britons |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-22260-6 |pages=258–261 |author-link=Christopher Snyder (historian) |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> Some of their work survives in later [[Medieval Welsh literature|medieval Welsh manuscripts]]: the [[Black Book of Carmarthen]] and the [[Book of Aneirin]] (both 13th-century); the [[Book of Taliesin]] and the [[White Book of Rhydderch]] (both 14th-century); and the [[Red Book of Hergest]] (c.&nbsp;1400).<ref name="cynfeirdd" /> The [[prose]] stories from the White and Red Books are known as the ''[[Mabinogion]]''.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 525</ref> Poems such as ''[[Cad Goddeu]]'' (The Battle of the Trees) and mnemonic list-texts like the ''[[Welsh Triads]]'' and the ''[[Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain]]'', also contain mythological material.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ford |first=Patrick K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeaGo-Qkf2kC&pg=PA183 |title=The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25396-4 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=183 |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA1324 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=359&nbsp;&&nbsp;1324 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=White |first=Donna R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDVykkOOP6QC&pg=PA123 |title=A century of Welsh myth in children's literature |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-313-30570-2 |location=Westport, CT |page=123 |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> These texts include the earliest forms of the [[Arthurian legend]] and the traditional history of post-[[Roman Britain]].<ref name="cynfeirdd" /> Other sources of Welsh [[folklore]] include the 9th-century Latin historical compilation ''[[Historia Britonum]]'' (the History of the Britons) and [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s 12th-century Latin [[chronicle]] {{Lang|la|[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]}} (the History of the Kings of Britain), and later folklore, such as ''The Welsh Fairy Book'' by W. Jenkyn Thomas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA927 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=925–927 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA760 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=759–760 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature of Wales (Welsh language)|List of Welsh writers|Literature of Wales (English language)}}
[[File:Black Book of Carmarthen (f.4.r).jpg|thumb|Welsh poetry from the 13th-century [[Black Book of Carmarthen]].]]

Wales has one of the oldest unbroken literary traditions in Europe<ref name="Davies464">Davies (2008) p. 464</ref> going back to the sixth century and including [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] and [[Gerald of Wales]], regarded as among the finest Latin authors of the Middle Ages.<ref name="Davies464" /> The earliest body of Welsh verse, by poets [[Taliesin]] and [[Aneirin]], survive not in their original form, but in much-changed, medieval versions.<ref name="Davies464" /> Welsh poetry and native lore and learning survived through the era of the [[Medieval Welsh literature#Poets of the Princes (c. 1100 – c. 1300)|Poets of the Princes]] ({{circa|1100}}–1280) and then the [[Medieval Welsh literature#Poets of the Nobility, or Cywyddwyr (c. 1300 – c. 1600)|Poets of the Gentry]] ({{circa|1350}}–1650). The former were professional poets who composed eulogies and elegies to their patrons while the latter favoured the [[cywydd]] metre.<ref name="Davies688-9">Davies (2008) pp. 688–689</ref> The period produced one of Wales's greatest poets, [[Dafydd ap Gwilym]].<ref>Davies (2008) p. 191</ref> After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined.<ref name="Davies688-9" />

Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits.<ref name="Davies465">Davies (2008) p. 465</ref> Renaissance scholars such as [[William Salesbury]] and [[John Davies (Mallwyd)|John Davies]] brought [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] ideals from English universities.<ref name="Davies465" /> In 1588 [[William Morgan (Bible translator)|William Morgan]] became the first person to translate the [[Welsh Bible|Bible into Welsh]].<ref name="Davies465" /> From the 16th century the proliferation of the 'free-metre' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry, but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular.<ref name="Davies465" /> By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic, fuelled by the eisteddfod, became an obsession with Welsh-language writers.<ref name="Davies466">Davies (2008) p. 466</ref> The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality.<ref name="Williams121">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=David |title=A Short History of Modern Wales |publisher=John Murray |year=1961 |location=London |page=121}}</ref> Initially excluded, religious denominations came to dominate the competitions, with bardic themes becoming scriptural and didactic.<ref name="Williams121" />

Developments in 19th-century Welsh literature include [[Lady Charlotte Guest]]'s translation into English of the Mabinogion, one of the most important medieval Welsh prose works of Celtic mythology. 1885 saw the publication of ''[[Rhys Lewis (novel)|Rhys Lewis]]'' by [[Daniel Owen]], credited as the first novel written in the Welsh language. The 20th century saw a move from the verbose Victorian Welsh style, with works such as [[Thomas Gwynn Jones]]'s ''[[Ymadawiad Arthur]]''.<ref name="Davies466" /> The First World War had a profound effect on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style championed by [[T. H. Parry-Williams]] and [[R. Williams Parry]].<ref name="Davies466" /> The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of [[Rhydwen Williams]] who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape. The inter-war period is dominated by [[Saunders Lewis]], for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays, poetry and criticism.<ref name="Davies466" />

The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two, including those of [[Gwyn Thomas (novelist)|Gwyn Thomas]], [[Vernon Watkins]], and [[Dylan Thomas]], whose most famous work ''[[Under Milk Wood]]'' was first broadcast in 1954. Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 861</ref> The attitude of the post-war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation, with greater sympathy for Welsh nationalism and the Welsh language. The change is linked to the nationalism of [[Saunders Lewis]] and the burning of the Bombing School on the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] in 1936.<ref>''The Pocket Guide'', p. 122.</ref> In poetry [[R. S. Thomas]] (1913–2000) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the 20th century. He "did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English".<ref>''Los Angeles Times'', "Obituary", 27 September 2000</ref> Major writers in the second half of the 20th century include [[Emyr Humphreys]] (1919–2020), who during his long writing career published over twenty novels,<ref>''Emyr Humphreys: Conversations and Reflections'', ed. M. Wynn Thomas. University of Wales Press: Cardiff, 2002, p. 8.</ref> and [[Raymond Williams]] (1921–1988).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurice Cowling |date=1 February 1990 |title=Raymond Williams in retrospect |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/1990/2/raymond-williams-in-retrospect |access-date=3 May 2020 |publisher=New Criterion}}</ref>

===Museums and libraries===
[[File:National Library of Wales.jpg|right|thumb|The [[National Library of Wales]], [[Aberystwyth]]]]
[[Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]] was founded by [[royal charter]] in 1907 as the National Museum of Wales. It operates at seven sites: [[National Museum Cardiff]], [[St Fagans National History Museum]], [[Big Pit National Coal Museum]], [[National Wool Museum]], [[National Slate Museum]], [[National Roman Legion Museum]], and the [[National Waterfront Museum]]. Entry to all sites is free.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/corporate/|title=About us|publisher=Museum Wales|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> The [[National Library of Wales]], based in [[Aberystwyth]], houses important collections of printed works, including the [[National Library of Wales#Sir John Williams Collection|Sir John Williams Collection]] and the [[Shirburn Castle]] collection,<ref name="Davies594">Davies (2008) p. 594</ref> as well as art collections including portraits and photographs, [[ephemera]] and [[Ordnance Survey]] maps.<ref name="Davies594" />

===Visual arts===
{{Main|Welsh art}}
{{See also|Architecture of Wales}}
Works of [[Celtic art]] have been found in Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celtic Art in Iron Age Wales, NMOW |url=https://museum.wales/articles/2007-05-03/Celtic-Art-in-Iron-Age-Wales/ |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]}}</ref> In the [[Early Medieval]] period, the [[Celtic Christianity]] of Wales was part of the [[Insular art]] of the [[British Isles]]. A number of [[illuminated manuscript]]s [[:Category:Illuminated manuscripts of Welsh origin|from Wales]] survive, including the 8th-century [[Hereford Gospels]] and [[Lichfield Gospels]]. The 11th-century [[Ricemarch Psalter]] (now in [[Dublin]]) is certainly Welsh, made in [[St David's]], and shows a late Insular style with unusual Viking influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moody |first1=Theodore William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC&pg=PA540 |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland |last2=Cróinín |first2=Dáibhí Ó. |last3=Martin |first3=Francis X. |last4=Byrne |first4=Francis John |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-821737-4 |location=London |page=540 |author-link=Theodore William Moody |author-link2=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |author-link3=F. X. Martin |author-link4=Francis John Byrne |access-date=21 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Alexander |url=https://runeberg.org/irescan/0032.html |title=Scandinavian Relations with Ireland during the Viking Period |publisher=Talbot Press |year=1922 |isbn=978-1-152-77368-4 |location=Dublin |page=20 |access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>

Some Welsh artists of the 16th–18th centuries tended to leave the country to work, moving to London or Italy. [[Richard Wilson (painter)|Richard Wilson]] (1714–1782) is arguably the first major British landscapist; although more notable for his Italian scenes, he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London. By the late 18th century, the popularity of [[landscape art]] grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns, allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland. Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery, at first because of the [[Celtic Revival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMOW, Art in 18th Century Britain |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2249/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125090402/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2249/ |archive-date=25 January 2010 |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]}}; {{Cite web |title=NMOW, Welsh Artists of the 18th Century |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2261/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125090429/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2261/ |archive-date=25 January 2010 |access-date=19 June 2010 |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]}}</ref>
[[File:The Bard (1774).jpeg|thumb|''The Bard'', 1774, by [[Thomas Jones (artist)|Thomas Jones]] (1742–1803).]]
An [[Act of Parliament]] in 1857 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom, and the [[University of Wales Institute, Cardiff|Cardiff School of Art]] opened in 1865. Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work, but [[Betws-y-Coed]] became a popular centre for artists, and its artists' colony helped to form the [[Royal Cambrian Academy of Art]] in 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Cambrian Academy |url=http://www.rcaconwy.org/our_history-5.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523004755/http://www.rcaconwy.org/our_history-5.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2010 |publisher=[[Royal Cambrian Academy of Art]]}}; {{Cite news |date=27 October 2020 |title=Rare chance to see work by Betws-y-Coed artists' colony |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/northwestwales/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9131000/9131480.stm |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> The sculptor Sir William [[Goscombe John]] made works for Welsh commissions, although he had settled in London. [[Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)|Christopher Williams]], whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh, was also based in London. [[Thomas E. Stephens (artist)|Thomas E. Stephens]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Davenport Lockwood 1877–1949 |url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/dav_lockwood.htm |access-date=30 September 2010 |publisher=stamfordhistory.org}}</ref> and [[Andrew Vicari]] had very successful careers as portraitists, based respectively in the United States and France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2001 |title=I am the king of painters |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/nov/16/arts.highereducation |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>

Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe. [[Augustus John]] and his sister [[Gwen John]] lived mostly in London and Paris. However, the landscapists Sir [[Kyffin Williams]] and [[Peter Prendergast (artist)|Peter Prendergast]] lived in Wales for most of their lives, while remaining in touch with the wider art world. [[Ceri Richards]] was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff and even after moving to London; he was a figurative painter in international styles including [[Surrealism]]. Various artists have moved to Wales, including [[Eric Gill]], the London-Welshman [[David Jones (poet)|David Jones]], and the sculptor [[Jonah Jones (sculptor)|Jonah Jones]]. [[The Kardomah Gang]] was an intellectual circle in Swansea, centred on the poet [[Dylan Thomas]] and the poet and artist [[Vernon Watkins]], which also included the painter [[Alfred Janes]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2006 |title=Dylan Thomas and the Kardomah set |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/dylan-thomas-and-the-kardomah-set-6109407.html |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

South Wales had several notable [[pottery|potteries]], one of the first important sites being the [[Ewenny#Potteries|Ewenny Pottery]] in [[Bridgend]], which began producing earthenware in the 17th century.<ref name="Davies701">Davies (2008) pp. 701–702</ref> In the 18th and 19th centuries, with more scientific methods becoming available, more refined ceramics were produced: this was led by the [[Cambrian Pottery]] (1764–1870, also known as "Swansea pottery"), and later [[Nantgarw Pottery]] near Cardiff, which was in operation from 1813 to 1820 making fine [[porcelain]], and then utilitarian pottery from 1833 until 1920.<ref name="Davies701" /> [[Portmeirion Pottery]], founded in 1960 by [[Susan Williams-Ellis]] (daughter of [[Clough Williams-Ellis]], creator of the Italianate village of [[Portmeirion]], [[Gwynedd]]) is based in [[Stoke-on-Trent]], England.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Emmanuel |date=28 January 2008 |title=Obituary-Susan Williams-Ellis |work=[[The Guardian]] website |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/jan/28/2 |access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>

===National symbols and identity===
{{Main|Welsh national identity|National symbols of Wales}}
[[File:Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).svg|thumb|The [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon]], a popular symbol in Wales.]]
Wales is regarded as a modern [[Celtic nations|Celtic nation]] which contributes to its national identity,<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Who were the Celts? |url=https://museum.wales/articles/1341/Who-were-the-Celts/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Museum Wales }}</ref><ref name="kochnation">{{cite book |last=Koch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=celtic+nation |title=Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABL-CIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |pages=xx, 300, 421, 495, 512, 583, 985 |access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> with Welsh artists regularly appearing at [[List of Celtic festivals|Celtic festivals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Success for BBC Cymru Wales at Celtic Media Festival 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/success-for-bbc-wales-at-celtic-media-festival-2022/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=www.bbc.com }}; {{cite web |title=Explore Celtic culture in new S4C programme from Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient {{!}} Arts Council of Wales |url=https://arts.wales/news-jobs-opportunities/explore-celtic-culture-new-s4c-programme-inter-celtic-festival-lorient |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=arts.wales }}</ref> The [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon]] is the principal symbol of national identity and pride, personifying the fearlessness of the Welsh nation.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=National symbols of Wales |url=https://www.wales.com/about/culture/national-symbols-wales |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Wales }}</ref> The dragon is first referenced in literature as a symbol of the people in the [[Historia Brittonum]]. [[Vortigern]] ({{Langx|cy|Gwrtheyrn}}), [[King of the Britons|King of the Celtic Britons]], is interrupted while attempting to build a fort at Dinas Emrys. He is told by Ambrosius{{Efn|"{{langx|la|Ambrosius vocor, id est, Embreis Guletic.|lit="I am called Ambrosius, that is Embreis Guletic"}}.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/histbrit.html |title=Historia Brittonum |location=42 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Embreis Guletic is probably Emrys Gwledig.}} to dig up two dragons beneath the castle. He discovers a red dragon representing the [[Celtic Britons]], and a white dragon representing Anglo-Saxons. Ambrosius prophesies that the Celtic Britons will reclaim the island and push the Anglo-Saxons back to the sea.<ref name="HistoriaBrittonum">''[[wikisource:History of the Britons|Historia Brittonum]]'' by Nennius (translated by J.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Giles)</ref>

As an emblem, the red dragon of Wales has been used since the reign of [[Cadwaladr]], [[List of rulers of Wales|King of Gwynedd]] from around 655&nbsp;AD, and appears prominently on the national [[flag of Wales]], which became an official flag in 1959.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2019 |title=Wales history: Why is the red dragon on the Welsh flag? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47389680 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> The banner of [[Owain Glyndŵr]] is associated with Welsh nationhood; it was carried into battle by Welsh forces during [[Glyndŵr Rising|Glyndŵr's battles]] against the English, and includes four lions on red and gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_owainglyndwr.shtml |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The standard is similar to the arms of [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] (Llywelyn the Last), the last Prince of Wales before the conquest of Wales by [[Edward I of England]]. The design may also be influenced by the arms of Glyndŵr's parents, both of whom had lions in their arms. [[Owain Glyndŵr Day]] is celebrated on 16 September in Wales and there have been calls to make it a national bank holiday.<ref>{{cite web |last=WalesOnline |date=15 September 2004 |title=Flying the flag to remember Glyndŵr |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/flying-flag-remember-glyndwr-2422875 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=WalesOnline }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite news |title=Calls for 'Glyndwr Day' on anniversary |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/926973.stm |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glyndŵr Day is worthy of a new national holiday |url=https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=The National Wales |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155519/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales's feathers]] is also used in Wales: it consists of three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet, and the German motto ''Ich dien'' (I serve). Several Welsh representative teams, including [[Logo of the Welsh Rugby Union|the Welsh rugby union]], and Welsh regiments in the [[British Army]], including the [[Royal Welsh]], use the badge or a stylised version of it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Nino |date=25 November 2018 |title=The uncomfortable truth about the three feathers symbol embraced by Wales |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/uncomfortable-truth-three-feathers-symbol-15451660 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=WalesOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30076214|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers badge|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Wales is not separately represented on the [[Union Jack]] as, at the time of the flag's creation, Wales was considered part of England.<ref>{{cite web |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=12 September 2018 |title=Why Wales isn't represented on the Union Jack |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/wales-isnt-represented-union-jack-15138001 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=WalesOnline}}</ref>}}

On 1 March, Welsh people celebrate [[Saint David's Day]], commemorating the death of the country's patron saint in 589.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergsagel |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmpsCwAAQBAJ&dq=st+david+welsh+identity&pg=PA307 |title=Of Chronicles and Kings: National Saints and the Emergence of Nation States in the High Middle Ages |last2=Riis |first2=Thomas |last3=Hiley |first3=David |date=9 December 2015 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-4260-9 |pages=307 }}</ref> It is not a recognised [[bank holiday]] although there have been calls to make it so.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Mosalski |first=Ruth |date=15 February 2022 |title=10,000 want St David's Day to be a bank holiday but UK gov says no |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/st-davids-day-bank-holiday-23099964 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=WalesOnline }}</ref><ref name=":52">{{cite news |date=1 March 2006 |title=Poll backs St David's Day holiday |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4760362.stm |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=Should patron saint's days be bank holidays? {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/04/23/brits-support-patron-saints-days-bank-holidays-ind |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=yougov.co.uk }}</ref> The day is celebrated by schools and cultural societies across Wales, and customs include the wearing of a [[leek]] or a [[daffodil]], which are two national emblems of Wales. Children also wear the national costume.<ref>{{cite web |title=St David's Day |url=https://museum.wales/articles/1183/St-Davids-Day/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Museum Wales }}</ref> The origins of the leek can be traced to the 16th century, while the daffodil became popular in the 19th century, encouraged by [[David Lloyd George]].<ref name="Davies189">Davies (2008) p. 189</ref> This is attributed to confusion (or association) between the Welsh for leeks, {{lang|cy|cennin}}, and that for daffodils, {{lang|cy|cennin Pedr}} or St. Peter's leeks.<ref name="ONS Cymru" /> A report in 1916 gave preference to the leek, which has appeared on British pound coins.<ref name="Davies189" /> Other Welsh festivals include [[Gŵyl Mabsant|Mabsant]] when parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church, although this is now rarely observed,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2007 |title=The forgotten festivals of Wales |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1913/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122162419/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1913/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=3 October 2010 |website=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]] website |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]}}</ref> and a more modern celebration, [[Dydd Santes Dwynwen]] (St Dwynwen's Day), observed on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine's Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2007 |title=St. Dwynwen's Day-Diwrnod Santes Dwynwen January 25th |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Wales-History/StDwynwen.htm |access-date=29 November 2010 |website=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]] website |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]}}</ref>

"{{lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}" ({{langx|en|Land of My Fathers}}) is the ''de facto'', national anthem of Wales and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team, as well as the opening of the Senedd and other official occasions.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Welsh National Anthem: History: About Wales |url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101202124/http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=21 October 2010 |website=[[Visit Wales]] website |publisher=[[Welsh Government]]}}; {{cite news |date=1 December 2008 |title=The anthem in more recent years |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm |access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> "{{lang|cy|Cymru am byth}}" ("Wales forever") is a popular Welsh motto.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2015 |title=Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto |work=[[WalesOnline]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/cymru-am-byth-meaning-behind-8592076 |access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> Another Welsh motto "Y [[Welsh Dragon|Ddraig Goch]] Ddyry Cychwyn" ("the [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon]] inspires action") has been used on the [[Royal Badge of Wales]] when it was created in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC – Wales – History – Themes – Welsh Flag: An official emblem |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_officialemblem.shtml |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in Wales}}
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[[File:Millennium Stadium (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Millennium Stadium]], Cardiff]]
More than 50 [[Governing bodies of sports in Wales|national governing bodies]] regulate and organise their sports in Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=NGB websites: About us: Sport Wales – Chwaraeon Cymru |url=http://www.sportwales.org.uk/about-us/how-we-can-help/working-in-partnership/national-governing-bodies-of-sport/ngb-websites.aspx?lang=en& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310074525/http://www.sportwales.org.uk/about-us/how-we-can-help/working-in-partnership/national-governing-bodies-of-sport/ngb-websites.aspx?lang=en& |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=29 November 2010 |website=[[Sport Wales]] website |publisher=[[Sport Wales]]}}</ref> Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Rugby World Cup]], [[Rugby League World Cup]] and the [[Commonwealth Games]]. At the [[Olympic Games]], Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a [[Great Britain at the Olympics|Great Britain]] team. Wales has hosted several international sporting events.<ref name="walessportsevents">{{cite news |date=1 July 2015 |title=How Wales became a magnet for major sports events |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33342995 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}}</ref> These include the [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1958 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games |url=http://www.thecgf.com/games/intro.asp?yr=1958 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414195235/http://thecgf.com/games/intro.asp?yr=1958 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref> the [[1999 Rugby World Cup]], the [[2010 Ryder Cup]] and the [[2017 UEFA Champions League Final]].<ref name=walessportsevents/><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Highlights: Juventus 1–4 Real Madrid |url=http://www.itv.com/champions-league/highlights-juventus-1-4-real-madrid |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=ITV plc}}</ref>

Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in [[North Wales]], [[rugby union in Wales|rugby union]] is seen as a symbol of [[Welsh national identity|Welsh identity]] and an expression of national consciousness.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 782</ref> The [[Wales national rugby union team]] takes part in the annual [[Six Nations Championship]] and has also competed in every [[Rugby World Cup]], hosting the tournament in [[1999 Rugby World Cup|1999]]. The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were replaced in 2004 by the four regions: [[Cardiff Blues]], [[Dragons (rugby union)|Dragons]], [[Ospreys (rugby union)|Ospreys]] and [[Scarlets]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2003 |title=Questions facing Wales' regional plans |work=[[BBC Sport]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/2913753.stm |access-date=2 October 2010}}; {{Cite news |date=1 June 2004 |title=WRU axe falls on Warriors |work=[[BBC Sport]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/3754959.stm |access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> The Welsh regional teams play in the [[United Rugby Championship]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro14 Clubs |url=https://www.pro14.rugby/clubs |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813115816/https://www.pro14.rugby/clubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Heineken Champions Cup]] if they qualify<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heineken Champions Cup |url=https://www.epcrugby.com/champions-cup/clubs/ |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[European Rugby Challenge Cup]], again dependent on qualification.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nick Verier |date=10 April 2014 |title=European Rugby Statement |publisher=The Rugby Paper |url=https://www.therugbypaper.co.uk/featured-post/15722/european-rugby-statement/ |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> [[Rugby league in Wales]] dates back to 1907. A professional [[Welsh League]] existed from 1908 to 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lush |first1=Peter |title=Tries in the Valley: A History of Rugby League in Wales |last2=Farrar, Dave |publisher=London League Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-9526064-3-7 |location=London |page=19}}</ref>

Wales has had [[football in Wales|its own football]] league, the [[Welsh Premier League]], since 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Alun |title=A Brief History of the League |url=http://www.welshpremier.com/History.ink |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112816/http://www.welshpremier.com/History.ink |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=Welsh Premier League}}</ref> For historical reasons, five Welsh clubs play in the [[English football league system]]: [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]], [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]], [[Newport County A.F.C|Newport County]], [[Wrexham A.F.C.|Wrexham]], and [[Merthyr Town F.C. (2010)|Merthyr Town]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2010 |title=The Cardiff and Swansea Derby |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2010/11/the_cardiff_and_swansea_derby.html |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The country has produced a considerable number of [[List of Wales international footballers|footballers]] who have played at international level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=Gareth Bale: Ryan Giggs says winger can be Wales' greatest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29607612 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}}</ref> At [[UEFA Euro 2016]], the [[Wales national football team|Wales national team]] achieved their best ever finish, reaching the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA 2016 |url=https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_fr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709115842/http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_fr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2016 |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

In international [[cricket]], Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB), called the [[England cricket team]], or simply 'England'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What we do at the ECB |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624020944/http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/ |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]]}}</ref> Occasionally, a separate [[Wales national cricket team|Wales team]] play limited-overs competitions. [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]] is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Welsh county cricket |url=http://www.glamorgancricket.com/detail-item.php?int_id=54&str_page_name=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328032604/http://www.glamorgancricket.com/detail-item.php?int_id=54&str_page_name=13 |archive-date=28 March 2009 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=[[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan Cricket]] }}</ref> Wales has produced notable participants of individual sports including [[snooker]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snooker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sport/community/pages/snooker.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC}}</ref> track and field,<ref>{{Cite news |year=2009 |title=Colin Jackson, Record breaking 110m hurdler |work=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/sport/colin_jackson.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010}}; {{Cite news |date=29 March 2010 |title=Paralympian Tanni Grey-Thompson becomes people's peer |work=[[BBC News]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/wales/8593755.stm |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> [[Cycle sport|cycling]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Nicole Cooke Retires |url=http://www.cardiffajaxcycling.co.uk/news/nicole-cooke-retire/ |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Cardiff Ajax Cycling Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2018 |title=Geraint Thomas seals maiden Tour de France title with Paris procession |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/29/geraint-thomas-seals-tour-de-france-title-paris-team-sky-chris-froome |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Guardian}}</ref> and [[List of Welsh boxing champions|boxing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Calzaghe, Wales's greatest ever boxer? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/sport/joe_calzaghe.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Sean |date=25 March 2008 |title=Wales' boxing world champions |work=[[BBC Sport]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/7313653.stm |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref>

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Wales}}
{{see also|List of newspapers in Wales|Radio in Wales|Television in Wales}}
[[File:Filming "Torchwood" in Cardiff (2).jpg|thumb|A number of BBC productions, such as ''[[Doctor Who]]'' and ''[[Torchwood]]'', have been filmed in Wales.]]
Wales became the UK's first [[digital television]] nation in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Helen |date=1 April 2010 |title=Celebration for UK's first digital country |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/04/01/celebration-for-uk-s-first-digital-country-91466-26152342/ |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]]}}</ref> [[BBC Cymru Wales]] is the national broadcaster,<ref name="BBC amdanyn nhw">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=About BBC Cymru Wales |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/info/ |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=[[BBC]] website |publisher=BBC}}</ref> producing both television and radio programmes in Welsh and English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/cymruwales/about |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> It has also produced programmes such as ''[[Life on Mars (British TV series)|Life on Mars]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'' and ''[[Torchwood]]'' for BBC's network audience across the United Kingdom.<ref name="BBC amdanyn nhw" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2008 |title=Bafta TV award nominees announced |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/2008/03/18/bafta-tv-award-nominees-announced-91466-20639892/ |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]]}}</ref> [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], the UK's main commercial broadcaster, has a Welsh-orientated service branded [[ITV Cymru Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=ITV begins broadcasting from new Wales HQ in Cardiff Bay |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2014-06-30/itv-begins-broadcasting-from-new-wales-hq-in-cardiff-bay/ |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=ITV News}}</ref> [[S4C]] began broadcasting in 1982. Its output was mostly in Welsh at peak hours, but shared English-language content with [[Channel 4]] at other times. Since the [[digital television transition|digital switchover]] the channel has broadcast exclusively in Welsh.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=[[Aberystwyth University]] |pages=13–14}}</ref> [[BBC Radio Cymru]] is the BBC's Welsh-language radio service, which broadcasts throughout Wales.<ref name="BBC amdanyn nhw" /> A number of independent radio stations broadcast in the Welsh regions, predominantly in English. In 2006, several regional radio stations broadcast in Welsh: output ranged from two two-minute news bulletins each weekday ([[Radio Maldwyn]]) to over 14 hours of Welsh-language programmes weekly ([[Swansea Sound]]) to essentially bilingual stations such as [[Heart Cymru]] and [[Radio Ceredigion]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=[[Aberystwyth University]] |pages=16–18}}</ref>

Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain. The ''[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]]'' is Wales's only print national daily newspaper.<ref name="BBC papurau">{{cite news |date=28 August 2010 |title=Concern over newspapers' decline in Wales |work=[[BBC News]] website |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11111396 |access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> Wales-based regional daily newspapers include the ''[[Daily Post (North Wales)|Daily Post]]'' (which covers North Wales), the ''[[South Wales Evening Post]]'' (Swansea), the ''[[South Wales Echo]]'' (Cardiff), and the ''[[South Wales Argus]]'' (Newport).<ref name="BBC papurau" /> ''[[Y Cymro]]'' is a Welsh-language newspaper, published weekly.<ref name="Mercator">{{cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=[[Aberystwyth University]] |pages=22–23}}</ref> ''Wales on Sunday'' is the only Welsh Sunday newspaper that covers the whole of Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luft |first=Oliver |date=12 November 2010 |title=Wales on Sunday to unveil redesign this weekend |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616120311/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46290 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Press Gazette]] website |publisher=[[Press Gazette]]}}</ref> The [[Books Council of Wales]] is the Welsh-Government-funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature in Welsh and English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Alun Ffred AC/AM |date=4 March 2010 |title=Remit letter for the Welsh Books Council 2010–11 |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/drah/publications/20100304welshbookscouncilremitlettereng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222124627/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/drah/publications/20100304welshbookscouncilremitlettereng.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |publisher=[[Welsh Government]]}}</ref> The BCW provides publishing grants for qualifying English- and Welsh-language publications.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=What is the Welsh Books Council? |url=http://www.cllc.org.uk/hafan-home?diablo.lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703202341/http://www.cllc.org.uk/hafan-home?diablo.lang=eng |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Welsh Books Council]] website |publisher=[[Welsh Books Council]]}}</ref> Around 650 books are published each year, by some of the dozens of Welsh publishers.<ref name="Llyfrau">{{Cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=[[Aberystwyth University]] |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=Y Fasnach Lyfrau Ar-Lein – Welsh Book Trade Info |url=http://www.wbti.org.uk/directorydetails.html?id=10100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001123042/http://www.wbti.org.uk/directorydetails.html?id=10100 |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Welsh Books Council]] website |publisher=[[Welsh Books Council]]}}</ref> Wales's main publishing houses include [[Gomer Press]], [[Gwasg Carreg Gwalch]], [[Honno (press)|Honno]], the [[University of Wales Press]] and [[Y Lolfa]].<ref name="Llyfrau"/> Journals with a Welsh focus include ''Cambria'' (a Welsh affairs magazine published bi-monthly in English),<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2005 |title=Phone fault hits Welsh magazine |work=[[BBC News]] website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/4371472.stm |access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> ''Planet,'' and ''[[Poetry Wales]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=About |url=http://poetrywales.co.uk/wp/about/ |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Poetry Wales]] website |publisher=[[Poetry Wales]]}}; {{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Planet: The International Magazine for Wales |url=http://www.planetmagazine.org.uk/html/newsite/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413110021/http://www.planetmagazine.org.uk/html/newsite/index.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Poetry Wales]] website |publisher=[[Poetry Wales]]}}</ref> Welsh-language magazines include the current affairs titles ''[[Golwg]]'' ("View"), published weekly, and ''[[Barn (Welsh magazine)|Barn]]'' ("Opinion"), published monthly.<ref name="Mercator" /> ''Y Wawr'' ("The Dawn") is published quarterly by ''[[Merched y Wawr]]'', the national organisation for women.<ref name="Mercator" /> ''[[Y Traethodydd]]'' ("The Essayist"), a quarterly publication by the [[Presbyterian Church of Wales]], first appeared in 1845 and is the oldest Welsh publication still in print.<ref name="Mercator" />

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Welsh cuisine}}
[[File:Cawl Cymreig.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cawl]], a traditional meat and vegetable dish from Wales.|179x179px]]
Traditional Welsh dishes include [[laverbread]] (made from ''[[Porphyra umbilicalis]]'', an edible [[seaweed]]), [[bara brith]] (fruit bread), [[cawl]] (a lamb stew), [[cawl cennin]] ([[leek soup]]), and [[Welsh cake]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Cai |title=Top 10 foods to try in Wales |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-wales |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=BBC Good Food |publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[Cockle (bivalve)|Cockles]] are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Robin |date=3 November 2004 |title=laverbread |work=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=14828141&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=laverbread-name_page.html |access-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> Although Wales has its own traditional food and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England, Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Chinese cuisine|China]] and the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]]. [[Chicken tikka masala]] is the country's favourite dish, while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell [[fish and chips]] as takeaways.<ref name="Davies293">Davies (2008) p.293</ref>

===Performing arts===

====Music and festivals====
{{Main|Music of Wales|List of festivals in Wales}}
<!----Name spam section--->[[File:Sir Tom Jones at The Queen's Birthday Party (cropped-2).jpg|thumb|233x233px|Singer [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]]]
Wales, "the land of song", is notable for its solo artists, its [[Men's chorus|male voice choirs]] and its harpists.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Wales: Cultural life: Music, literature and film |encyclopedia=Britannica |edition=Online}}</ref> The annual ''[[National Eisteddfod]]'' is the country's main performance festival. The ''Llangollen [[International Eisteddfod]]'' provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform. The Welsh Folk Song Society publishes collections of historical songs and tunes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welsh Folk Song Society |url=http://www.canugwerin.com/en/publications.php |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=canugwerin.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235049/http://www.canugwerin.com/en/publications.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Traditional instruments of Wales include the ''telyn deires'' ([[triple harp]]), fiddle, ''[[crwth]]'' (bowed lyre) and the ''pibgorn'' (hornpipe).<ref>Davies (2008) pp. 179, 281, 353, 677</ref> Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century, formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs, and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day.<ref name="Davies532">Davies (2008), p. 532.</ref> Welsh congregations and choirs were known for singing in a rousing four-voice style, becoming characteristic of the country.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Geraint H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sriBkaHhpREC&dq=wales+land+of+song&pg=PA209 |title=A Concise History of Wales |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82367-8 |page=209 }}</ref> Many of the historic choirs survive in modern Wales, singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs.<ref name="Davies532" />

The [[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]] performs in Wales and internationally. The [[Welsh National Opera]] is based at the [[Wales Millennium Centre]] in [[Cardiff Bay]], while the [[National Youth Orchestra of Wales]] was the first of its type in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2010 |title=Music Preview: National Youth Orchestra of Wales |work=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/music-in-wales/2010/08/03/music-preview-national-youth-orchestra-of-wales-91466-26982123/ |access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref> Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers in both the classical and pop arenas,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales' finest: 15 of the best Welsh musicians |url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/latest/gallery-wales/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Classic FM |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124013/https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/latest/gallery-wales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as some popular bands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heatley |first=Michael |date=April 2017 |title=Badfinger: bad breaks, dumb luck and sheer tragedy |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/badfinger-bad-breaks-dumb-luck-tragedy-peter-ham |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Classic Rock Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manic Street Preachers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/manic-street-preachers/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best Welsh bands of all time |url=https://www.radiox.co.uk/features/x-lists/best-welsh-bands/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Radio X}}</ref> The Welsh [[folk music]] scene has enjoyed a resurgence in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aaron |first=Martin |date=24 October 2013 |title=Ten of the best: A history of Welsh folk music tradition |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-24557218 |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

====Drama====
{{see also|Cinema of Wales|List of Welsh television series}}
[[File:Catherine Zeta-Jones VF 2012 Shankbone 2.jpg|thumb|195x195px|[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]], born in [[Swansea]]]]

The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval [[miracle play]]s, ''Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen'' ("The three Kings from Cologne") and ''Y Dioddefaint a'r Atgyfodiad'' ("The Passion and the Resurrection").<ref>Davies (2008) p. 222</ref> A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century, in the form of an [[Play (theatre)|interlude]], a metrical play performed at fairs and markets.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 223</ref> Drama in the early 20th century thrived, but the country established neither a Welsh National Theatre nor a national ballet company.<ref name="Davies192" /> After the Second World War, the substantial number of amateur theatre companies reduced by two-thirds.<ref name="Davies224">Davies (2008) p. 224</ref> Competition from television in the mid-20th century led to greater professionalism in the theatre.<ref name="Davies224" /> Plays by [[Emlyn Williams]] and [[Alun Owen]] and others were staged, while Welsh actors, including [[Richard Burton]] and [[Anthony Hopkins]], were establishing international reputations.<ref name="Davies224" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Sir Anthony Hopkins inspires students at old college |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-37563350 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Price |first=Karen |date=22 January 2010 |title=Movers and shakers revitalising our arts – Cont. |work=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/movers-shakers-revitalising-arts-1941085 |access-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> Wales has also produced some well-known comedians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2012 |title=Why so funny? – The top 10 Welsh comedians |work=[[WalesOnline]] website |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/funny---top-10-welsh-2048196 |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref>

==== Dance ====
{{see also|Welsh dance|Welsh stepdance}}
[[File:Traditional Welsh dance and dress, Senedd, St David's Day 2009 Gwisgoedd a dawnsio traddodiadol Gymreig, Senedd, Dydd Gŵyl Dewi 2009 (3678719264).jpg|thumb|232x232px|Welsh dancer at the Senedd building]]
Traditional dances include Welsh [[Welsh dance|folk dancing]] and [[Welsh stepdance|clog dancing]]. The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th-century account by [[Gerald of Wales|Giraldus Cambrensis]], but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out due to religious opposition.<ref name="Davies192">Davies (2008) p. 192</ref> In the 20th century a revival was led by [[Lois Blake]] (1890–1974).<ref name="Davies192" /> Clog dancing was preserved and developed by Hywel Wood (1882–1967) and others who perpetuated the art on local and national stages.<ref name="Davies193">Davies (2008) p. 193</ref> The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949.<ref name="Davies193" /> [[Contemporary dance]] grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s.<ref name="Davies193" /> The [[National Dance Company Wales]], formed in 1983, is now resident at the Wales Millennium Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mike |date=22 February 2013 |title=30th birthday celebrations for National Dance Company Wales |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/showbiz/2013/02/22/30th-birthday-celebrations-for-national-dance-company-wales-91466-32856193/ |access-date=28 February 2013 |publisher=walesonline.co.uk}}</ref>