Editing Wake Island (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Wake Island 2.jpg|thumb|left|Wake Island map]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | acres
! scope="col" | hectares
|-
! scope="row" | Wake Islet
| 1,367.04
| 553.22
|-
! scope="row" | Wilkes Islet
| 197.44
| 79.90
|-
! scope="row" | Peale Islet
| 256.83
| 103.94
|-
! scope="row" | Wake Island (total of all three islets)
| 1,821.31
| 737.06
|-
! scope="row" | Lagoon (water)
| 1,480.00
| 600.00
|-
! scope="row" | Sand Flat
| 910.00
| 370.00
|}
[[File:Wake Jun 15 002 (18470450424).jpg|thumb|Looking west at Peacock Point, Wake Island in 2015]]
[[File:Wilkes Island Wake Atoll (170410).jpg|thumb|Looking North-west over Wilkes Island, which has almost been split by the old partially completed submarine channel.]]
[[File:Wake Jun 15 001 (18470438894).jpg|thumb|Looking southwest across eastern side of Wake Island]]
Although Wake Island is officially called an island in its singular form, it is geologically an atoll composed of three [[islet]]s (Wake, Wilkes, and Peale islets).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bryan |first=E.H. Jr. |date=May 15, 1959 |title=Notes on the geography and natural history of Wake Island |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6095/00066.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |volume=66 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.5479/si.00775630.66.1 |oclc=77749310 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227065046/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6095/00066.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> They enclose a shallow lagoon of {{Convert|3.3 by 7.7|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}, with average depth of around {{Convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} and a maximum depth of {{Convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System">{{Cite web |title=Education Resources: Regional Information, Wake Island {{!}} PacIOOS |url=https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/education/region-wake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101132734/https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/education/region-wake/ |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Wake Atoll {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/wakeatoll |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=www.doi.gov |language=en |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026144209/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/wakeatoll |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ringed by a sandy beach of around {{Convert|80|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide with an offshore fringing reef.<ref name="Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System" /> The atoll has an average elevation of about {{Convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} and maximum elevation of {{Convert|6.4|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}},<ref name="Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System" /> with a total land area of about {{convert|6.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Wake Island, Pacific Ocean |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/79392/wake-island-pacific-ocean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026142253/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/79392/wake-island-pacific-ocean |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The island is made of coral and sand, as it sits on a coral reef that grew on the top of a [[seamount]] made of the remnants of an old [[volcano]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201192418/https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=FWS.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> This is consistent with many islands in the Pacific, which are formed when waves erode extinct volcanoes until they reach the surface of the ocean and coral grows on it, forming an atoll (see also [[guyot]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Deepwater Wonders of Wake: Geologic Overview of the West Pacific: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research |url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/background/geology/welcome.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026140105/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/background/geology/welcome.html |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> The island is covered in boulders that average 5–6 feet in diameter (1–2 meters) especially on the southern side of Wake and Wilkes islands.<ref name="Wake Atoll">{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Wake Atoll |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/wakeatoll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026144209/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/wakeatoll |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=doi.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Wake is located two-thirds of the way from [[Honolulu]] to [[Guam]]; Honolulu is {{convert|2300|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the east, and Guam {{convert|1510|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the west. [[Midway Atoll]] is {{convert|1170|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the northeast. The closest land is the uninhabited [[Bokak Atoll]], {{convert|348|mi|km|abbr=on}} away in the [[Marshall Islands]] to the southeast. The atoll is to the west of the [[International Date Line]] and in the [[Wake Island Time Zone]] ([[UTC+12]]), the easternmost time zone of the United States and almost one day ahead of the [[U.S. state|50 states]].

A shallow channel separates Wake and Peale, while Wilkes is connected to Wake by a causeway. The partially completed submarine channel, which has washed through Wilkes at times, almost splits the island in half.

The atoll has several named capes and points:<ref name="A Magnificent Fight" />

*[[Wilkes Island]] (Split islet on the south and west)
**Kuku Point (Western Cape of Wilkes)
**Wilkes Channel (a channel to the small port/harbor area on the south side of the island)
**Submarine channel (an artificial channel for a partially completed World War II submarine harbor also called New Channel)<ref>{{Cite web |title=21. The never-completed submarine channel started at the beginning of... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-never-completed-submarine-channel-started-at-the-beginning-of-WWII-through-the_fig15_225849247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102235442/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-never-completed-submarine-channel-started-at-the-beginning-of-WWII-through-the_fig15_225849247 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>
*[[Peale Island]] (on the north and west, separated from Wake by a narrow channel)
**Toki Point (Western Cape of Peale)
**Flipper Point (Tip of Peale Island land that extends into the lagoon pointing west)
*Wake Island (excluding the islets)<ref name="Lobel-2008">{{Citation |last1=Lobel |first1=Phillip S. |title=Aspects of the Biology and Geomorphology of Johnston and Wake Atolls, Pacific Ocean |date=2008 |work=Coral Reefs of the USA |volume=1 |pages=655–689 |editor-last=Riegl |editor-first=Bernhard M. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6847-8_17 |isbn=978-1-4020-6846-1 |last2=Lobel |first2=Lisa Kerr |editor2-last=Dodge |editor2-first=Richard E.}}</ref>
**Heel Point (the north cape of Wake islet before it turns towards Peale)
**Peacock Point (the Southern and eastern point of Wake Island)
**Causeway crossing Wilkes Channel to Wilkes Island

===Climate===
Wake Island lies in the tropical zone but is subject to periodic [[temperate]] storms during the winter. [[Sea surface temperature]]s are warm all year long, reaching above {{convert|80|°F|°C}} in summer and autumn. [[tropical cyclone|Typhoons]] occasionally pass over the island.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCloskey |first=Meagan |date=September 16, 2006 |title=Military airfield at Wake Island still usable after Super Typhoon Ioke |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/military-airfield-at-wake-island-still-usable-after-super-typhoon-ioke-1.54162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426183811/https://www.stripes.com/news/military-airfield-at-wake-island-still-usable-after-super-typhoon-ioke-1.54162 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |work=Stars & Stripes}}</ref> Temperatures range between {{convert|65|°F|°C}} and {{convert|95|°F|°C}} and it gets about 40 inches of rain each year, with the rainy season running from July through October. The island lies in the northeast [[trade winds]] of the Pacific.<ref name="Wake Atoll" />

{{Weather box
| location = Wake Island, US (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–2004)
| single line = yes
| Jan record high F = 89
| Feb record high F = 93
| Mar record high F = 92
| Apr record high F = 94
| May record high F = 93
| Jun record high F = 94
| Jul record high F = 94
| Aug record high F = 97
| Sep record high F = 96
| Oct record high F = 92
| Nov record high F = 90
| Dec record high F = 91
| year record high F = 97
| Jan high F = 83.2
| Feb high F = 83.3
| Mar high F = 84.0
| Apr high F = 85.4
| May high F = 86.8
| Jun high F = 88.8
| Jul high F = 89.1
| Aug high F = 89.4
| Sep high F = 89.1
| Oct high F = 88.1
| Nov high F = 86.0
| Dec high F = 84.4
| year high F = 86.5
| Jan mean F = 78.7
| Feb mean F = 78.3
| Mar mean F = 78.7
| Apr mean F = 80.0
| May mean F = 81.4
| Jun mean F = 83.3
| Jul mean F = 83.4
| Aug mean F = 83.7
| Sep mean F = 83.4
| Oct mean F = 82.8
| Nov mean F = 81.3
| Dec mean F = 79.9
| year mean F = 81.2
| Jan low F = 74.2
| Feb low F = 73.3
| Mar low F = 73.4
| Apr low F = 74.5
| May low F = 76.0
| Jun low F = 77.9
| Jul low F = 77.7
| Aug low F = 78.0
| Sep low F = 77.7
| Oct low F = 77.4
| Nov low F = 76.5
| Dec low F = 75.3
| year low F = 76.0
| Jan record low F = 63
| Feb record low F = 63
| Mar record low F = 60
| Apr record low F = 62
| May record low F = 64
| Jun record low F = 70
| Jul record low F = 65
| Aug record low F = 65
| Sep record low F = 64
| Oct record low F = 63
| Nov record low F = 61
| Dec record low F = 64
| year record low F = 60
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.64
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.48
| Mar precipitation inch = 2.07
| Apr precipitation inch = 1.50
| May precipitation inch = 2.03
| Jun precipitation inch = 1.78
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.10
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.38
| Sep precipitation inch = 5.91
| Oct precipitation inch = 5.18
| Nov precipitation inch = 2.39
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.14
| year precipitation inch = 34.60
| unit precipitation days = 0.01&nbsp;mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.6
| Feb precipitation days = 8.6
| Mar precipitation days = 11.9
| Apr precipitation days = 13.2
| May precipitation days = 13.2
| Jun precipitation days = 13.5
| Jul precipitation days = 18.0
| Aug precipitation days = 18.4
| Sep precipitation days = 19.6
| Oct precipitation days = 18.4
| Nov precipitation days = 14.4
| Dec precipitation days = 13.4
| year precipitation days = 172.2
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOAA txt">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=WQW00041606&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523111042/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=WQW00041606&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source 2 = XMACIS2<ref name = XMACIS2>{{cite web
|url = https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = xmACIS2
|access-date = June 21, 2024
|archive-date = August 15, 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190815183401/http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

====Typhoons====
[[File:Wake Island Memorial Chapel damaged by Hurricane-Typhoon Ioke 2006.jpg|thumb|Damaged trees and debris left by [[Hurricane Ioke|Super Typhoon Ioke]] in 2006 at the Memorial Chapel on Wake Island]]

On October 19, 1940, an unnamed typhoon hit Wake Island with {{convert|120|kn|km/h}} winds. This was the first recorded typhoon to hit the island since observations began in 1935.<ref name="CP1967">{{cite web |date=May 4, 2007 |title=1967 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone season |url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1967.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702145238/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1967.php |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |access-date=December 10, 2011 |publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>

[[Typhoon Olive (1952)|Super Typhoon Olive]] impacted Wake on September 16, 1952, with wind speeds reaching {{convert|150|kn|km/h}}. Olive caused major flooding, destroyed approximately 85% of its structures, and caused {{currency|1.6&nbsp;million|USD|passthrough=yes}} in damage.<ref name="CP1967" />

On September 16, 1967, at 10:40 pm local time, the eye of [[Super Typhoon Sarah (1967)|Super Typhoon Sarah]] passed over the island. Sustained winds in the eyewall were {{convert|130|kn|km/h}}, from the north before the eye and the south afterward. All non-reinforced structures were demolished. There were no serious injuries, and most of the civilian population was evacuated after the storm.<ref name="CP1967" />

On August 28, 2006, the United States Air Force evacuated all 188 residents and suspended all operations as Category 5 [[Hurricane Ioke|Super Typhoon Ioke]] headed toward Wake. By August 31 the southwestern eyewall of the storm passed over the island, with winds well over {{convert|185|mph|km/h}},<ref>{{cite news |date=September 1, 2006 |title='Super' Typhoon Slams Tiny Wake Island |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/super-typhoon-slams-tiny-wake-island |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427021116/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,211537,00.html |archive-date=April 27, 2008 |work=Fox News Channel}}</ref> driving a {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on|0}} [[storm surge]] and waves directly into the lagoon inflicting major damage.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2009 |title=Monster' Typhoon Ioke Makes Direct Hit on Wake Island |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-08-31-voa11/313383.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604180131/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-08-31-voa11/313383.html |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=October 27, 2014 |work=VOA News}}</ref> A U.S. Air Force assessment and repair team returned to the island in September 2006 and restored limited function to the airfield and facilities leading ultimately to a full return to normal operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vadnais |first=Chris |date=September 15, 2006 |title=Airmen add up damage at Wake Island |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/129764/airmen-add-up-damage-at-wake-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213118/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/129764/airmen-add-up-damage-at-wake-island/ |archive-date=September 20, 2021 |access-date=September 20, 2021 |work=Air Force Print News |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Ecology===
[[File:Air Force partners for environmental conservation on Wake Atoll.jpg|thumb|left|Ecologists on Wake Atoll spraying herbicide into the bark of an invasive ironwood tree, 2017.]]

Wake Island is home to the Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge<ref>{{cite web |title=Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125032911/https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=November 24, 2022 |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> and is a unit of the [[Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument]].
[[File:Brisinga panopla - USNM 1424229.jpg|thumb|''Brisinga panopla'' in the waters near Wake Island]]
[[File:Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos wake.jpg|thumb|A Grey Reef shark in the waters near Wake]]
Native vegetation communities of Wake Island include scrub, grass, and wetlands. ''[[Tournefortia argentia]]'' (heliotrope tree) dominated scrublands exist in association with ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'' (beach cabbage), ''[[Cordia subcordata]]'' (sea trumpet), and ''[[Pisonia grandis]]''. Grassland species include ''[[Dactyloctenium aegyptium]]'' and ''[[Tribulus cistoides]]''. Wetlands are dominated by ''[[Sesuvium portulacastrum]]'', and ''[[Pemphis acidula]]'' is found near intertidal lagoons.<ref name="rat">{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Richard |last2=Wegmann |first2=Alex |last3=Hanson |first3=Chad |last4=Keitt |first4=Brad |last5=Howald |first5=Gregg |last6=Brown |first6=Derek |last7=Tershy |first7=Bernie |last8=Pitt |first8=William |last9=Moran |first9=Matthew |last10=Rex |first10=Kristen |last11=White |first11=Susan |last12=Flint |first12=Beth |last13=Torr |first13=Nick |date=2014 |title=The Wake Island Rodent Eradicaation – Part Success, Part Failure, but Wholly Instructive |journal=Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference |volume=26 |doi=10.5070/V426110487 |s2cid=86982575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (see also [[List of birds of Wake Island]])

The atoll, with its surrounding marine waters, has been recognized as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] for its [[sooty tern]] [[bird colony|colony]], with some 200,000 individual birds estimated in 1999.<ref name="bli">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |title=Wake Island |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/wake-island-iba-united-states-minor-outlying-islands-(to-usa) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118072550/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/wake-island-iba-united-states-minor-outlying-islands-(to-usa) |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> 56 bird species have been sighted on the atoll.<ref name="rat" /> Wilkes Island is largely designated as a bird refuge and includes a field mowed annually to attract sooty terns and other birds that might otherwise seek to nest on the mowed apron of the airfield runway.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rauzon |first1=Mark J. |last2=Boyle |first2=David |last3=Everett |first3=William T. |last4=Gilardi |first4=John |date=2008 |title=The Status of the Birds of Wake Atoll |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6793/561_Rauzon_BirdsofWakeAtoll.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |volume=561 |page=25 |doi=10.5479/si.00775630.561.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026172036/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6793/561_Rauzon_BirdsofWakeAtoll.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=October 26, 2023}}</ref>

Due to human use, several [[invasive species]] have become established on the atoll. Feral cats were introduced in the 1960s as pets and for pest control. Eradication efforts began in earnest in 1996 and were deemed successful in 2008.<ref name="Rauzon-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Rauzon |first1=Mark J. |last2=Everett |first2=Wlliam T. |last3=Boyle |first3=David |last4=Bell |first4=Louise |last5=Gilardi |first5=John |date=2008 |title=Eradication of feral cats at Wake Atoll |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |volume=560 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.5479/si.00775630.560.1}}</ref> Two species of rat, ''[[Rattus exulans]]'' (Polynesian rat) and ''[[Rattus tanezumi]]'' (Asian house rat), have colonized the island. ''R. tanezumi'' populations were successfully eradicated by 2014, however, ''R. exulans'' persists.<ref name="rat" /> ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]'' (ironwood or coastal she-oak) was allegedly planted on Wake Island by Boy Scouts in the 1960s for use as a windbreak. It formed large mono-cultural forests that choked out native vegetation. Concerted efforts to kill the population began in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schmidt |first1=Anastasia |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Air Force partners for environmental conservation on Wake Atoll |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/Article/1163481/air-force-partners-for-environmental-conservation-on-wake-atoll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914193858/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/Article/1163481/air-force-partners-for-environmental-conservation-on-wake-atoll/ |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |access-date=September 14, 2021 |work=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson}}</ref> Other introduced plant species include ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' (Bermuda grass) and ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'' (miracle tree). Non-native species of [[ant]]s are also found on the atoll.<ref name="rat" /> Overall, the island is a mixture of tropical scrub brush and grass with trees; some of the trees are over 25 feet tall (over 7 meters).<ref name="Wake Atoll" />

[[File:Corl0258 (27497553484).jpg|thumb|left|Wake's waters are home to one of the largest known populations of Bumphead Parrotfish]]
The lagoon, surrounding reef, and the ocean are noted for their diverse collection of marine life. Wake waters have the largest known population of [[bumphead parrotfish]] (''Bolbometopon muricatum)''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Deepwater Wonders of Wake: Wake Island and Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument Management: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research |url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/background/monument-mgmt/welcome.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007221306/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/background/monument-mgmt/welcome.html |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> The coral reef that surrounds the island is home to at least 100 species of coral and over 320 species of fish.<ref name="www.fws.gov">{{Cite web |title=Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201192418/https://www.fws.gov/refuge/wake-atoll |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=fws.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> In the coral reef, there is a diverse collection of shark species, including [[Grey reef shark|grey reef]], [[Blacktip reef shark|blacktip]], and [[dusky shark]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Shark Island: Wake Atoll |url=https://www.discovery.com/nature/welcome-to-shark-island--wake-atoll |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=Discovery |language=en}}</ref> The atoll is home to multiple species of land crabs, with ''[[Coenobita perlatus]]'' being especially abundant.<ref name="rat" />