Editing Vietnamese language (section)

=== Japanese ===
Japanese loanwords are a more recently studied phenomenon, with a paper by Nguyễn & Lê (2020) classifying three waves of Japanese influence - with the first two waves being the principal influxes and the third wave coming from the Vietnamese who studied Japanese.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=NGUYEN |first1=Danh Hoang Thanh |last2=LE |first2=Trang Thi Huyen |date=2020-03-31 |title=Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers |url=https://doi.org/10.15026/94521 |journal=Asian and African Languages and Linguistics |language=en |volume=14 |pages=21 |doi=10.15026/94521}}</ref> The first wave consisted of Kanji words created by Japanese to represent Western concepts that were not readily available in Chinese or Japanese, where by the end of the 19th century they were imported to other Asian languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chung|date=2001|title=Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin|journal=Language Change in East Asia|pages=161–179}}</ref> This first influx is called Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origins. For example, the Vietnamese term for "association club", ''câu lạc bộ,'' which was borrowed from Chinese ({{lang|zh|俱乐部}}, [[pinyin]]: ''jùlèbù'', [[jyutping]]: ''keoi1 lok6 bou6''), and then in turn from Japanese ([[kanji]]: {{lang|ja|倶楽部}}, [[katakana]]: {{lang|ja|クラブ}}, [[rōmaji]]: ''kurabu'') which came from the English "''club"'', resulting in indirect borrowing from Japanese.

The second wave was during the brief Japanese occupation of Vietnam from 1940 until 1945. However, Japanese cultural influence in Vietnam started significantly from the 1980s. This newer second wave of Japanese-origin loanwords is distinctive from the Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin in that they were borrowed directly from Japanese. This vocabulary includes words representative of Japanese culture, such as ''kimono'', ''sumo'', ''samurai'', and ''bonsai'' from modified [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]] romanisation. These loanwords are coined as "new Japanese loanwords". A significant number of new Japanese loanwords were also of Chinese origin. Sometimes the same concept can be described using both Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin (first wave) and new Japanese loanwords (second wave). For example, judo can be referred to as both ''judo'' and ''nhu đạo'', the Vietnamese reading of 柔道.<ref name=":0" />