Editing Transphobia (section)

===Childhood and adolescence===
Polyvictimization is experiencing multiple forms of abuse and victimization throughout a person's life, such as physical or sexual violence, bullying/aggression, parental neglect or abuse, experiencing crime, etc. Polyvictimization can start in childhood and has consequences for adolescent health and thus adult health.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Minh T. H.|last2=Holton|first2=Sara|last3=Romero|first3=Lorena|last4=Fisher|first4=Jane|date=26 July 2016|title=Polyvictimization Among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=19|issue=3|pages=323–342|doi=10.1177/1524838016659489|pmid=27461094|s2cid=22742690|issn=1524-8380}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Källström|first1=Åsa|last2=Hellfeldt|first2=Karin|last3=Howell|first3=Kathryn H.|last4=Miller-Graff|first4=Laura E.|last5=Graham-Bermann|first5=Sandra A.|date=13 April 2017|title=Young Adults Victimized as Children or Adolescents: Relationships Between Perpetrator Patterns, Poly-Victimization, and Mental Health Problems|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|volume=35|issue=11–12|pages=2335–2357|doi=10.1177/0886260517701452|pmid=29294710|s2cid=24904770|issn=0886-2605}}</ref> 
Transgender, [[Gender variance|gender diverse]], and [[sexual minority]] adolescents (TGSA) are more likely to experience polyvictimization when compared to their cisgender peers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sterzing|first1=Paul R.|last2=Gartner|first2=Rachel E.|last3=Goldbach|first3=Jeremy T.|last4=McGeough|first4=Briana L.|last5=Ratliff|first5=G. Allen|last6=Johnson|first6=Kelly C.|date=2019|title=Polyvictimization prevalence rates for sexual and gender minority adolescents: Breaking down the silos of victimization research.|journal=Psychology of Violence|volume=9|issue=4|pages=419–430|doi=10.1037/vio0000123|s2cid=148649307|issn=2152-081X}}</ref> Family traits more associated with polyvictimization in TGSA include: families that have higher than average levels of violence and [[adversity]] in their life, families that give their child higher than average levels of [[microaggression]]s and lower levels of [[Micro-inequity|microaffirmations]], and families that have average levels of violence and adversity, and also give their child higher levels of microaffirmations. [[Posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) symptoms reported by TGSA has shown to be a significant link between TGSA grouped by their family experiences and polyvictimization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sterzing|first1=Paul R.|last2=Fisher|first2=Aaron J.|last3=Gartner|first3=Rachel E.|date=2019|title=Familial pathways to polyvictimization for sexual and gender minority adolescents: Microaffirming, microaggressing, violent, and adverse families.|journal=Psychology of Violence|volume=9|issue=4|pages=461–470|doi=10.1037/vio0000224|s2cid=149604473|issn=2152-081X}}</ref>

Research supported by the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] (NIMH) assessed lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ([[LGBT]]) adolescents and noted that those who had moderate to high, and steady or increasing rates of victimization or verbal or physical threats, were at heightened risk for developing PTSD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mustanski|first1=Brian|last2=Andrews|first2=Rebecca|last3=Puckett|first3=Jae A.|date=2016|title=The Effects of Cumulative Victimization on Mental Health Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=106|issue=3|pages=527–533|doi=10.2105/ajph.2015.302976|pmid=26794175|pmc=4815715|issn=0090-0036}}</ref> Relational and physical bullying victimization, as well as various other forms of emotional distress, are increasingly experienced by the transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescent population. Those who experience the most physical and relational bullying victimization and emotional distress, are [[Sex assignment|AMAB]] youth whom others perceived as very, or mostly, feminine. Moreover, regardless of assigned gender at birth, relational bullying victimization, depression, and suicidal ideation is common among adolescents that can be perceived as anything other than very, or mostly, masculine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gower|first1=Amy L.|last2=Rider|first2=G. Nicole|last3=Coleman|first3=Eli|last4=Brown|first4=Camille|last5=McMorris|first5=Barbara J.|last6=Eisenberg|first6=Marla E.|date=2018|title=Perceived Gender Presentation Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Approaches to Analysis and Associations with Bullying Victimization and Emotional Distress|journal=LGBT Health|volume=5|issue=5|pages=312–319|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2017.0176|pmid=29920146|pmc=6034394|issn=2325-8292}}</ref>

Repeatedly, research on the effects of aggression and violence against TGD youth and young adults shows – when compared to their cisgender peers – higher rates of PTSD, depression, [[Self-harm|non-suicidal self-injury]], [[suicidal ideation]], intent, plan, and attempts, higher rates of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), trauma, skipping school due to safety concerns, and poorer health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Newcomb|first1=Michael E.|last2=Hill|first2=Ricky|last3=Buehler|first3=Kathleen|last4=Ryan|first4=Daniel T.|last5=Whitton|first5=Sarah W.|last6=Mustanski|first6=Brian|date=14 August 2019|title=High Burden of Mental Health Problems, Substance Use, Violence, and Related Psychosocial Factors in Transgender, Non-Binary, and Gender Diverse Youth and Young Adults|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01533-9|pmid=31485801|issn=0004-0002|volume=49|issue=2|pmc=7018588|pages=645–659}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hatchel|first1=Tyler|last2=Ingram|first2=Katherine M.|last3=Mintz|first3=Sasha|last4=Hartley|first4=Chelsey|last5=Valido|first5=Alberto|last6=Espelage|first6=Dorothy L.|last7=Wyman|first7=Peter|date=22 January 2019|title=Predictors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts among LGBTQ Adolescents: The Roles of Help-seeking Beliefs, Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Drug Use|journal=Journal of Child and Family Studies|volume=28|issue=9|pages=2443–2455|doi=10.1007/s10826-019-01339-2|pmid=39372436 |s2cid=150838577|issn=1062-1024|pmc=11452144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taliaferro|first1=Lindsay A.|last2=McMorris|first2=Barbara J.|last3=Rider|first3=G. Nicole|last4=Eisenberg|first4=Marla E.|date=8 May 2018|title=Risk and Protective Factors for Self-Harm in a Population-Based Sample of Transgender Youth|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=203–221|doi=10.1080/13811118.2018.1430639|pmid=29461934|pmc=6102088|issn=1381-1118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atteberry-Ash|first1=Brittanie|last2=Kattari|first2=Shanna K.|last3=Speer|first3=Stephanie Rachel|last4=Guz|first4=Samantha|last5=Kattari|first5=Leo|date=2019|title=School safety experiences of high school youth across sexual orientation and gender identity|journal=Children and Youth Services Review|volume=104|pages=104403|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104403|s2cid=198615480|issn=0190-7409}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Veale|first1=Jaimie F.|author-link=Jaimie Veale|last2=Watson|first2=Ryan J.|last3=Peter|first3=Tracey|last4=Saewyc|first4=Elizabeth M.|date=2017|title=Mental Health Disparities Among Canadian Transgender Youth|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|volume=60|issue=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.014|issn=1054-139X|pmc=5630273|pmid=28007056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reisner|first1=Sari L.|last2=Biello|first2=Katie B.|last3=White Hughto|first3=Jaclyn M.|last4=Kuhns|first4=Lisa|last5=Mayer|first5=Kenneth H.|last6=Garofalo|first6=Robert|last7=Mimiaga|first7=Matthew J.|date=1 May 2016|title=Psychiatric Diagnoses and Comorbidities in a Diverse, Multicity Cohort of Young Transgender Women|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=170|issue=5|pages=481–6|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0067|pmid=26999485|pmc=4882090|issn=2168-6203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nahata|first1=Leena|last2=Quinn|first2=Gwendolyn P.|last3=Caltabellotta|first3=Nicole M.|last4=Tishelman|first4=Amy C.|date=2017|title=Mental Health Concerns and Insurance Denials Among Transgender Adolescents|journal=LGBT Health|volume=4|issue=3|pages=188–193|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2016.0151|pmid=28402749|issn=2325-8292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wawrzyniak|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Sabbag|first2=Samir|editor2-first=Charles R|editor2-last=Marmar|editor1-first=Charles B|editor1-last=Nemeroff|date=2018|title=PTSD in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Population|journal=Oxford Medicine Online|doi=10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toomey|first1=Russell B.|last2=Syvertsen|first2=Amy K.|last3=Shramko|first3=Maura|date=11 September 2018|title=Transgender Adolescent Suicide Behavior|journal=Pediatrics|volume=142|issue=4|pages=e20174218|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-4218|pmid=30206149|issn=0031-4005|pmc=6317573}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}}

The 2015 United States Transgender Survey, the largest such survey ever carried out (with 27,715 respondents), found that one in ten respondents suffered transphobic violence at the hands of a family member and 8% were forced to leave their homes for being transgender. The majority of those who were openly transgender or perceived as transgender at school were victims of some form of mistreatment on account of this, including verbal abuse (54%), physical attacks (24%), and sexual assault (13%). 17% experienced such severe mistreatment that they had to leave school. Support from one's community or family was correlated with more positive outcomes related to mental health and social functioning.<ref name="usts">{{cite web|url=http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Executive-Summary-FINAL.PDF|title=Executive Summary|work=U.S. Transgender Survey|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality|location=Washington|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201032258/http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Executive-Summary-FINAL.PDF}}.</ref>