Editing Tourette syndrome (section)

== Research directions ==
{{Further|History of Tourette syndrome#Research directions and controversies}}

Research since 1999 has advanced knowledge of Tourette's in the areas of genetics, [[neuroimaging]], [[neurophysiology]], and [[neuropathology]], but questions remain about how best to classify it and how closely it is related to other movement or [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] disorders.<ref name= Hollis /><!-- p. 4 --><ref name= Fernandez /><ref name= Dale2017 />{{sfnp|Sukhodolsky|Gladstone|Kaushal|Piasecka|2017|p= 242}} Modeled after genetic breakthroughs seen with large-scale efforts in other neurodevelopmental disorders, three groups are collaborating in research of the genetics of Tourette's:
*The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG)
*Tourette International Collaborative Genetics Study (TIC Genetics)
*European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS)

Compared to the progress made in [[gene]] discovery in certain neurodevelopmental or mental health disorders—autism, [[schizophrenia]] and [[bipolar disorder]]—the scale of related TS research is lagging in the United States due to funding.<ref name= FernandezFunding>{{cite book |vauthors=Fernandez TV, State MW, Pittenger C |title=Neurogenetics, Part I |chapter=Tourette disorder and other tic disorders |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=147 |pages=343–354 |date=2018 |pmid=29325623 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00023-3 |type= Review |isbn=978-0-444-63233-3 |quote= Regardless of whether the focus is on discovering rare or common sequence or structural genetic variation, it is clear that large collections of biomaterials (likely in the tens of thousands) that are accessible by multiple research groups will be essential for success. Three consortia are now beginning to work toward this goal (TSAICG and TIC Genetics in the United States, and EMTics in the European Union); there is active collaboration among these groups, which will also be essential for success. However, the scale of the funded collection efforts, particularly in the United States, remains quite modest compared to other neuropsychiatric disorders in which there has been success in gene discovery.}}</ref>