Editing Tiger (section)

===Captivity===
{{Multiple image |align= right |direction=vertical|image1=Clean Toes are a Tiger's Friend (15588882074).jpg |caption1=Tiger at [[Big Cat Rescue]] in 2014 |image2=Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus Gunther Gebel-Williams 1969.jpg |caption2=Publicity photo of animal trainer [[Gunther Gebel-Williams]] with several of his trained tigers, {{circa}} 1969|alt=Tiger behind a fence (top) and black-and-white photo of man kneeing in front of six tigers lying down with circus audience in background}}

Tigers have been kept in captivity since ancient times. In [[ancient Rome]], tigers were displayed in [[amphitheatre]]s; they were slaughtered in [[venatio]] hunts and used to [[Damnatio ad bestias|kill criminals]].<ref>Manfredi, P. "The Tiger in the Ancient World" in {{harvnb|Thapar|2004|p=173}}</ref> The Mongol ruler [[Kublai Khan]] is reported to have kept tigers in the 13th century. Starting in the [[Middle Ages]], tigers were being kept in European [[menagerie]]s.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=179–180}} Tigers and other exotic animals were mainly used for the entertainment of elites but from the 19th century onward, they were exhibited more to the public. Tigers were particularly big attractions and their captive population soared.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=126–130}} In 2020, there were over 8,000 captive tigers in Asia, over 5,000 in the US and no less than 850 in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU's 'unlikely' role in global tiger trade revealed in new WWF, TRAFFIC report|publisher=World Wildlife Fund for Nature|date=30 September 2020|url=https://tigers.panda.org/?916741/EU-tigers-trade-WWF-report|accessdate=6 June 2023}}</ref> There are more tigers in captivity than in the wild.<ref name=Lou2008/> Captive tigers may display [[Stereotypy (non-human)|stereotypical behaviour]]s such as pacing or inactivity. Modern zoos are able to reduce such behaviours with exhibits designed so the animals can move between separate but connected enclosures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=K. D.|last2=Snider|first2=R. J. |last3=Dembiec |first3=D. P.|last4=Siegford|first4=J. M.|last5=Ali|first5=A. B.|year=2023|title=Effects of a modern exhibit design on captive tiger welfare |journal=Zoo Biology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=371–382|doi=10.1002/zoo.21746|pmid=36478300 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Enrichment items are also important for the cat's welfare and the stimulation of its natural behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Damasceno |first1=J. |last2=Genaro |first2=G. |last3=Quirke |first3=T. |last4=McCarthy |first4=S. |last5=McKeown |first5=S. |last6=O'Riordan |first6=R. |year=2017|title=The effects of intrinsic enrichment on captive felids |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21361|pmid=29165868 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Tigers have played prominent roles in [[circus]]es and other live performances. [[Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus|Ringling Bros]] included many tiger tamers in the 20th century including [[Mabel Stark]], who became a big draw and had a long career. She was well known for being able to control the tigers despite being a small woman; using "manly" tools like whips and guns. Another trainer was [[Clyde Beatty]], who used chairs, whips and guns to provoke tigers and other beasts into acting fierce and allowed him to appear courageous. He would perform with as many as 40 tigers and lions in one act. From the 1960s onward, trainers like [[Gunther Gebel-Williams]] would use gentler methods to control their animals. [[Sara Houcke]] was dubbed "the Tiger Whisperer" as she trained the cats to obey her by whispering to them.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=202–204}} [[Siegfried & Roy]] became famous for performing with white tigers in [[Las Vegas]]. The act ended in 2003 when a tiger attacked Roy during a performance.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=140–141}} In 2009, tigers were the most traded circus animals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iossa |first1=G. |last2=Soulsbury |first2=C. D. |last3=Harris |first3=S. |date=2009 |title=Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life? |journal=Animal Welfare |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.1017/S0962728600000270 |s2cid=32259865 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The use of tigers and other animals in shows eventually declined in many countries due to pressure from [[animal rights]] groups and greater desires from the public to see them in more natural settings. Several countries restrict or ban such acts.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=204–205}}

Tigers have become popular in the [[exotic pet]] trade, particularly in the United States{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=214}} where only 6% of the captive tiger population in 2020 were being housed in zoos and other facilities approved by the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]].<ref name=Worldwildlife/> Private collectors are thought to be ill-equipped to provide proper care for tigers, which compromises their welfare. They can also threaten public safety by allowing people to interact with them.<ref name=Worldwildlife>{{cite web |author=Henry, L. |date=2020 |title=5 Things Tiger King Doesn't Explain About Captive Tigers |website=World Wildlife Fund for Nature |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-things-tiger-king-doesn-t-explain-about-captive-tigers |accessdate=19 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220001943/https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-things-tiger-king-doesn-t-explain-about-captive-tigers |url-status=live}}</ref> The keeping of tigers and other big cats by private people was banned in the US in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023|title=June 18 Deadline for Compliance With Big Cat Public Safety Act|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-04/big-cat-owners-must-register-june-18#:~:text=The%20Big%20Cat%20Public%20Safety%20Act%20makes%20it%20illegal%20to,with%20big%20cats%2C%20including%20cubs |accessdate=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220231426/https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-04/big-cat-owners-must-register-june-18#:~:text=The%20Big%20Cat%20Public%20Safety%20Act%20makes%20it%20illegal%20to,with%20big%20cats%2C%20including%20cubs |url-status=live}}</ref> Most countries in the European Union have banned breeding and keeping tigers outside of licensed zoos and rescue centres, but some still allow private holdings.<ref>{{cite report|title=Guidance Document on the export, re-export and intra-EU trade of captive-born and bred live tigers and their parts and derivatives|publisher=European Commission|date=18 April 2023|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023XC0418(01)#:~:text=While%20most%20EU%20Member%20States,and%20travelling%20exhibitions%20(9)|accessdate=6 June 2024}}</ref>