Editing Tehran (section)

== Infrastructure ==

=== Highways and streets ===
{{See also|List of Expressways in Tehran}}
[[File:Fajr Bridge Tehran2.jpg|thumb|Fajr Bridge, [[Hemmat Expressway]]]]
Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, the political system changed from [[constitutional monarchy]] to [[Islamic republic]]. Then the construction of political power in the country needed to change so that new spectrums of political power decision-making centers emerged in Iran. Motives, desires and actions of these new political power decision-making centers in Iran, made them rename streets and public places throughout the country, especially Tehran. For example Shahyad square changed to [[Azadi Square|Azadi square]] and Pahlavi street changed to [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr street]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M |first=Badiei Azandehi |date=1 January 2009 |title=The Discourse of Streets' Naming in Tehran After Islamic Revolution |url=https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=176278 |language=En |journal=Geopolitics Quarterly |volume=5 |issue=114 |pages=72–101 |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820103646/https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=176278 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges.

=== Cars ===
{{See also|Automotive industry in Iran}}
According to the head of Tehran Municipality's Environment and Sustainable Development Office, Tehran was designed to have a capacity of about 300,000 cars, but more than five million cars are on the roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |title=Smogglarm i många världsstäder |work=Göteborgs-Posten |date=19 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065656/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The automotive industry has recently developed, but international sanctions influence the production processes periodically.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028145438/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |title='Tehran's overpopulation will cause ecological ruin' |website=Payvand.com |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

According to local media, Tehran has more than 200,000 taxis plying the roads daily,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis |title=Getting a cab in Tehran: Airport Taxis |date=19 December 2017 |work=Living in Tehran |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191558/https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with several types of taxi available in the city. Airport taxis have a higher cost per kilometer as opposed to regular green and yellow taxis in the city.

=== Buses ===
{{See also|Trolleybuses in Tehran|Tehran Bus Rapid Transit}}
[[File:BRT in Tehran, Iran (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]]]]
Buses have served the city since the 1920s. Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, [[trolleybus]]es, and [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT). The city's four major bus stations include the South Terminal, the East Terminal, the West Terminal, and the northcentral Beyhaghi Terminal.

The trolleybus system was opened in 1992, using a fleet of 65 [[articulated bus|articulated]] trolleybuses built by [[Czech Republic]]'s [[Škoda Works|Škoda]].<ref name="Murray">Murray, Alan (2000). ''World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia'', pp. 57 and 99. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. {{ISBN|0-904235-18-1}}.</ref> This was the first trolleybus system in Iran.<ref name="Murray" /> In 2005, trolleybuses were operating on five routes, all starting at [[Imam Hossein Square]].<ref name="tm265">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 265 (January–February 2006), pp. 16–17. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> Two routes running northeastwards operated almost entirely in a segregated [[Bus Rapid Transit|busway]] located in the middle of the wide [[carriageway]] along [[Damavand Street]], stopping only at purpose-built stops located about every 500 metres along the routes, effectively making these routes trolleybus-BRT (but they were not called such). The other three trolleybus routes ran south and operated in mixed traffic. Both route sections were served by [[limited-stop]] services and local (making all stops) services.<ref name="tm265" /> A 3.2-kilometer extension from Shoosh Square to Rah Ahan Square was opened in March 2010.<ref name="tm298">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 298 (July–August 2011), pp. 89–90. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref> Visitors in 2014 found that the trolleybus system had closed, apparently sometime in 2013.<ref name="haseldine">Haseldine, Peter (March–April 2015). "Tehran Closure". ''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 320, pp. 40–43. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> However, it reopened in March 2016, operating on a single 1.8-km route between Meydan-e-Khorasan (Khorasan Square) and Bozorgrah-e-Be'sat.<ref name="tm328">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 328 (July–August 2016), pp. 118–119. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july">{{cite web |url=https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524 |title=Teheran: Trolleybuses return! |last=Budach |first=D. |date=11 July 2016 |website=TrolleyMotion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121933/https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2022 }}</ref> Around 30 vehicles had been refurbished and returned to service.<ref name="tm328"/><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> Extensions were planned.<ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/>

[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]] (BRT) was officially inaugurated in 2008. It has 10 lines with some 215 stations in different areas of the city. {{As of|2011}}, the BRT system had a network of {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}}, transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis.

=== Railway and subway ===
{{See also|Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|label 1=Iranian Railways|Tehran Metro}}
[[File:02 Tehran Metro Line 3 4.jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Metro]] is the largest metro system in the Middle East]]
Tehran has a [[Tehran Railway Station|central railway station]] that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a Tehran–Europe train line also running.

The feasibility study and conceptual planning of the construction of Tehran's subway system were started in the 1970s. The first two of the eight projected metro lines were opened in 2001.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Tehran Metro Lines
!Line
!Opening<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150 |title=About Metro - Metro History |publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424061100/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Length
!Stations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf |title=Development of stations operating |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044647/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Type
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#EE3C3C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 1|{{color|white|1}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2001
|{{cvt|70|km|mi}}<ref name="Line1">{{cite web |url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357 |title=خط ۱ مترو تهران و توسعه شمالي و جنوبي خط تا كهريزك |website=tehranmetrogroup.com |language=fa |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208163310/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |32<ref name="Line1" /><ref name="stations">{{cite web |url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215 |title=Stations |website=tehran.ir |access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825020847/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#295EA4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 2|{{color|white|2}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2000
|{{cvt|26|km|mi}}<ref name="Line2">{{cite web |url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356 |title=خط 2 متروي تهران و توسعه شرقي خط تا پايانه شرق |website=tehranmetrogroup.com |language=fa |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153445/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line2" />
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#36BEF4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 3|{{color|white|3}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2012
|{{cvt|37|km|mi}}<ref name="Line3">{{cite web |url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355 |title=خط 3 مترو تهران |website=tehranmetrogroup.com |language=fa |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025091940/http://www.tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |24<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line3" />
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FFD62C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 4|{{color|white|4}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2008
|{{cvt|22|km|mi}}<ref name="Line4">{{cite web |url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354 |title=خط 4 مترو تهران |website=tehranmetrogroup.com |language=fa |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065649/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="Line4" />
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#1C906C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 5|{{color|white|5}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |1999
|{{cvt|43|km|mi}}<ref name="Line5">{{cite web |url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353 |title=خط 5 مترو |website=tehranmetrogroup.com |language=fa |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100137/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |11<ref name="Line5" /><ref name="L5-stations">{{cite web |url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf |title=Final profile Tehran Metro Station Line 5 |publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100836/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|[[Commuter rail]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FF5599" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 6|{{color|white|6}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2019
|{{cvt|9|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html |title=Tehran Metro Line 6 Opens |date=7 April 2019 |work=Financial Tribune |language=en-gb |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224072055/http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |3
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:purple" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 7|{{color|white|7}}]]'''
| style="text-align:center" |2017
|{{cvt|13.5|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html |title=Tehran metro Line 7 inaugurated |last=Barrow |first=Keith |access-date=15 June 2017 |language=en-gb |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615074407/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |8
|[[Rapid transit|Metro]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Metro Subtotal:'''
|'''{{cvt|177.5|km|mi|0}}'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''111'''
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Total:'''
|'''{{cvt|220.5|km|mi|0}}'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''122'''
|
|}

=== Airport ===
{{See also|Airlines of Iran}}
Tehran is served by the international airports of [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad]] and [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini]]. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in western Tehran that doubles as a military base, is mainly used for domestic and charter flights. Imam Khomeini Airport, located {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the city, handles the main international flights.

=== Parks and green spaces ===
{{See also|List of Tehran metropolis parks}}
There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,<ref name="irnamokh">{{Cite web |publisher=[[IRNA]] |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |title=Mokhtari: There are over 2,100 parks in Tehran |date=15 February 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065657/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the oldest being [[Jamshidieh Park|Jamshidie Park]], which was first established as a private garden for Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu, and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, [[Farah Pahlavi]]. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area. The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Municipality of Tehran |url=http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |title=About Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135406/http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tehran's Birds Garden is the largest bird park in Iran. There is also [[Eram Zoo|a zoo]] located on the Tehran–Karaj Expressway, housing over 290 species within an area of about five hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ITTO |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |title=The Tehran Zoological Garden |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065655/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Ab-o-Atash Park]] ("Water and Fire park") was founded. Its main features are an open [[water fountain]] area for cooling in the hot climate, [[fire tower]]s, and an [[amphitheatre]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-) |title=Ab-o Atash Park (Water and Fire Park - Ibrahim Park) |website=Tishineh.com |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024223/https://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-) |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{See also|Energy in Iran}}

==== Water ====
{{Pie chart|caption=Fresh water resources of Tehran province in 2017|label1=[[Groundwater]]|value1=37|color1=#3F0|label2=[[Sewage treatment]]|value2=63|color2=#F33}}{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}}
[[Greater Tehran]] with its population of more than 13 million is supplied by surface water from the [[Lar Dam|Lar dam]] on the [[Lar River]] in the Northeast of the city, the [[Latyan Dam|Latyan dam]] on the [[Jajrood River]] in the North, the [[Karaj River]] in the Northwest, as well as by groundwater in the vicinity of the city.

The city experiences [[Tehran water shortage inequality|stark water supply inequalities]]: impoverished districts struggle with inadequate water provision and hazardous water quality, while affluent areas are largely exempt from these hardships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roodsari |first=Nasri |date=2022 |title=An assessment of the correlation between urban green space supply and socio-economic disparities of Tehran districts—Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability |doi=10.1007/S10668-021-01970-4 }}</ref>

==== Solar energy ====

Solar panels have been installed in Tehran's [[Pardisan Park]] for green electricity production, said [[Masoumeh Ebtekar]], head of the Department of Environment.

According to the national energy roadmap, the government plans to promote green technology to increase the nominal capacity of power plants from 74 gigawatts to over 120 gigawatts by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels |title=Tehran Park Gets Solar Panels |date=16 October 2016 |website=Financial Tribune |language=En |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223516/https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels |url-status=live }}</ref>